2015年美國侵犯人權事記（全文）
Full text: Chronology of Human Rights Violations of the United States in 2015

: 0 Comment(s)打印 E-mail China.org.cn　2016-04-18

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十一月	NOVEMBER
3日《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，6歲的杰里米·馬蒂斯在拉斯維加斯馬克斯維爾被警察開槍打死。	Nov. 3 The Washington Post website reported that Jeremy Mardis, an unarmed 6-year-old male, was shot by police in Marksville, Las Vegas.
同日，美國經濟政策研究所發布的第三季度失業數據調查顯示，非洲裔美國人的失業率長期是白人的大約2倍。差距最大的是哥倫比亞特區，其非洲裔失業率比白人高出5.7倍。	A study released by the Economic Policy Institute on the same day found that in the third quarter of 2015, African American unemployment in the United States is about double the white unemployment rate. The largest racial gap was in the District of Columbia, where African American joblessness is 5.7 times more than whites.
10日《今日美國》網站報道，美國快餐店工人當日同時在數百個城市罷工并上街示威游行，要求每小時15美元的最低工資。	Nov. 10 The USA Today website reported that fast food workers in the United States walked off the job in hundreds of cities on Nov. 10, staging strikes aimed at a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars.
11日美國有線電視新聞網報道，一位共和黨總統競選人被問到如何將1100萬非法移民從美國消除時，說他將組建一只“驅逐部隊”以消除1100萬移民，他還主張取消公民因出生在美國而具有美國國籍的公民權利。	Nov. 11 The CNN website reported that a Republican presidential candidate said he would build a "deportation force" to remove 11 million undocumented immigrants from the country. He has also proposed ending birthright citizenship.
同日，皮尤慈善信托組織網站報道，自9月以來，洛杉磯、西雅圖、俄勒岡州的波特蘭以及夏威夷州先后宣布緊急狀態來緩解日益惡化的無家可歸危機。洛杉磯約有25000名無家可歸者。	On the same day, the Pew Charitable Trusts website reported that since September, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and the state of Hawaii had all declared states of emergency to tackle a worsening homeless crisis. Los Angeles had about 25,000 homeless people.
12日《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，美國疾病控制和預防中心11月12日發布的報告顯示,美國新生兒患有梅毒的比率2012年至2014年增長了38%。2014年每100000個出生的嬰兒中有11.6例患有梅毒。	Nov. 12 The Washington Post website said that a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that rate of newborns with syphilis jumped 38 percent between 2012 and 2014. The disease was found in 11.6 of every 100,000 births in 2014.
15日美國有線電視新聞網報道，非洲裔美國人賈馬爾·克拉克當日凌晨被警察射殺。目擊者稱克拉克當時已被戴上手銬，一名警察將膝蓋頂在他的背上，另一名警察則騎著他使他動彈不得，沒有看到他反抗。	Nov. 15 According to a report on the CNN website, African-American Jamar Clark was shot dead by police early morning. According to witnesses, Clark was handcuffed when one of the cops had his knee in his back and the other cop was straddling him. It is said that Clark was unable to move and he didn't resist.
16日美國聯邦調查局發布《2014年仇恨犯罪統計》，2014年共發生仇恨犯罪事件5479件和仇恨違法案件6418件。在5462件單一偏見犯罪事件中涉及6681名受害者，其中48.3%的受害者受到攻擊是由于犯罪者的種族偏見，17.1%的受害者受到攻擊是由于犯罪者的宗教信仰偏見。	Nov. 16 According to an FBI' s report on 2014 hate crime statistics, the country reported 5,479 hate crime incidents involving 6,418 offenses. There were 5,462 single-bias incidents involving 6,681 victims. A percent distribution of victims by bias type showed that 48.3 percent were targeted because of the offenders' racial bias, and 17.1 percent were targeted because of the offenders' religious bias.
17日《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，截至2015年11月17日上午，美國27個州長都表示反對讓來自敘利亞的難民安置在他們的州。一些共和黨議員和總統候選人甚至呼吁出臺禁止敘利亞穆斯林難民進入美國的禁令。	Nov. 17 The Washington Post website reported that, as of the morning of November 17, the governors of 27 states have said that they are opposed to letting Syrian refugees resettle in their states. Some Republican Party lawmakers and presidential contenders have even called for a ban on letting any Syrian Muslim refugees into the United States.
同日，美國公共宗教研究所發布的調查結果顯示，63%的被調查者認為非洲裔在美國面臨很大的歧視，56%的被調查者認為拉美裔在美國面臨很大的歧視，70%的被調查者認為美國存在許多對穆斯林的歧視，45%的被調查者認為美國存在許多對婦女的歧視。	On the same day, a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute revealed that 63 percent of respondents say blacks face a lot of discrimination in the United States, and 56 percent say Hispanics face a lot of discrimination in the country. Also, 70 percent of Americans say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims and 45 percent say there is a lot of discrimination against women.
18日《美國新聞與世界報道》網站報道，研究人員發現，18%的學生在進入大學校園之前在喪失行動能力的情況下被強奸過，其中41%的年輕女學生在大學一年級期間在喪失行動能力情況下被再次強奸過。美國疾病控制和防治中心的數據顯示，五分之一的女性曾被強奸，其中很大一部分是被熟人強奸。	Nov. 18 The U.S. News and World Report website reported that researchers found 18 percent of students said they'd been raped while incapacitated before college, and 41 percent of those young women were raped again while incapacitated during their freshman year. The U.S. CDC revealed that one in five women have been raped in their lifetimes, and a majority of victims personally knew their perpetrators.
19日《今日美國》網站報道，約2000名機場工作人員從11月18日晚到19日在美國7個主要機場進行罷工，以抗議過低的工資水平，要求每小時15美元的最低工資。	Nov. 19 The USA Today website reported that about 2,000 airport workers struck overnight from Nov. 18 to Nov. 19 at seven major airports in the United States to protest low wages, demanding a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars.
同日，英國《衛報》網站報道，一位共和黨美國總統候選人接受采訪時表示，不排除利用數據庫跟蹤美國的穆斯林，或發給他們標注了其宗教信仰的特殊身份證件。他還表示將考慮對穆斯林進行無證搜查，并增加對清真寺的監控。	On the same day, the Guardian website reported that a Republican presidential candidate said that he would consider warrantless searches of Muslims and increased surveillance of mosques, and that he would not rule out tracking Muslim Americans in a database or giving them a special form of identification that noted their religion.
23日《芝加哥論壇報》報道，美國移民法院處理案件效率低下。芝加哥移民法院目前積壓案件已達1.7萬件，有關案件普遍已經候審長達2年半，一些案件要到2020年才能開始聽證。在這些案件中，大約600件是兒童移民案，久拖不決給當事兒童及其家庭帶來巨大痛苦。	Nov. 23 The Chicago Tribune reported that nearly 17,000 immigration cases are pending in Chicago' s immigration court. The typical case here is already two and a half years old and, on average. So clogged is the Chicago court that some cases aren' t being scheduled for hearings until 2020. Among these cases, about 600 cases of children immigration are still pending, leaving families in limbo.
24日美國有線電視新聞網報道，被控射殺17歲非洲裔男孩麥克唐納的芝加哥警察曾遭受20項投訴，卻從來沒有受到過處分。人們對2014年10月槍殺事件發生以來13個月才起訴該警官表示憤怒，在芝加哥市的大街上舉行示威抗議，要求為麥克唐納之死伸張正義。	Nov. 24 The CNN website reported that a Chicago police officer, who was charged in African-American Laquan MacDonald' s shooting death, had a history of 20 complaints before he gunned down the 17-year-old, but none resulted in discipline. Outraged that it took as long as 13 months to charge the police officer in MacDonald' s death, demonstrators took to the street to demand justice in his death.
26日英國《衛報》網站報道，政府數據顯示，2008年至2014年，美國每年至少有4810萬人均衡飲食無法得到保障，其中包括19.2%有孩子的家庭。	Nov. 26 According a report published on the Guardian website, government statistics suggested that between 2008 and 2014 at least 48.1 million people a year, including 19.2 percent of all households with children, could not always afford to eat balanced meals.
30日《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，當日公布的一份文件披露的所謂“國家安全密函”的細節顯示，美國聯邦調查局強迫互聯網公司向其提供用戶信息，包括全部的網絡瀏覽歷史。聯邦調查局利用這種密函來進行電子監控而無須經過法庭批準。	Nov. 30 The Washington Post website reported that a court filing released on Nov. 30 disclosed details of so-called national security letters, which showed that the FBI used special authority to compel Internet firms to hand over user information, including full browsing histories. These letters are used by the FBI to conduct electronic surveillance without the need for court approval.
十二月	DECEMBER
1日英國《衛報》網站報道，自2002年以來，現年37歲的穆斯塔·法阿齊茲·沙米里便在未經審判的情況下被美國無限期關押在關塔那摩監獄，長達13年。	Dec. 1 According to the Guardian website, 37-year-old Mustafa al-Aziz al-Shamiri had been held without charge indefinitely at Guantanamo since 2002 for 13 years. ?
2日《今日美國》網站報道，兩名槍手當日沖進位于圣貝納迪諾的一所社會服務機構，向參加一個假日聚會的人們開火，造成14人死亡和17人受傷。	Dec. 2 The USA Today website reported that two gunmen opened fire on a festive staff holiday party at a social services center in San Bernardino on this day, killing 14 and injuring 17 others.
10日皮尤中心發布最新研究報告指出，由于收入增長緩慢或停滯，美國的中產階級逐漸萎縮，在總人口中所占比例由1971年的61%下降到目前的49.9%。這是美國中產階級人口比例首次低于50%。	Dec. 10 A new Pew Research Center analysis revealed that the American middle class is shrinking due to slow income growth, and the middle class made up 49.9 percent of the U.S. adult population in 2015, down from 61 percent in 1971. This is the first time for the proportion to drop below 50 percent.
11日《今日美國》網站報道，俄克拉荷馬州前警官丹尼爾·霍茨克勞被認定在自己巡邏的一個低收入社區性侵女性。他被判與8名受害女性有關的18項罪名，其中有4項一級強奸罪，這8名女性都是非洲裔。調查顯示，在6年的時間里約1000名警官由于性犯罪或其他不正當的性行為而失去警官執業資格。	Dec. 11 An article at the USA Today website reported that Daniel Holtzclaw, a former Oklahoma City police officer, was convicted of sexually assaulting women he preyed upon in a low-income neighborhood he patrolled. He was convicted of 18 counts -- four charges of first-degree rape and 14 other counts -- connected to eight women, all of whom were black. A probe revealed about 1,000 officers had lost their licenses for sex crimes or other sexual misconduct in a six-year period.
同日，聯合國在法律和實踐中歧視婦女問題專家組結束對美國為期10天的訪問時指出，美國政府在2010年和2015年兩次接受聯合國人權理事會普遍定期審議時均承諾批準《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》，但這一承諾至今尚未兌現。美國在保障婦女權利方面落后于國際人權標準。	At the end of a 10-day mission to the United States, a UN Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice noted that in 2010 and 2015, in the framework of its Universal Periodic Review, the U.S. government committed to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women but this commitment has not yet been implemented. In the United States, women fall behind international standards as regards their right protections.
12日英國廣播公司網站報道，對美國5個城市的研究顯示，人們在申請住房時會因其姓名而受到歧視。名字聽起來像非洲裔美國人的申請者申請住房時得到的回應比名字聽起來像白人的申請者少16%。	Dec. 12 The BBC website reported that a survey of more than 6,000 hosts in five U.S. cities concluded that names that sounded African-American were about 16 percent less likely to get a positive response to a request for a room when compared against white-sounding names like Brad or Kristen.
13日《邁阿密先驅報》網站報道，美國最大的女子監獄羅維爾監獄充斥著腐敗及性丑聞。女囚們投訴稱，2011年到2015年5月，針對她們的性侵在浴室、壁櫥、洗衣室和獄警辦公室均有發生。	Dec. 13 The website of the Miami Herald reported that Lowell Correctional Institution, the nation' s largest women' s prison, was haunted by corruption and sex scandals. Women alleged in complaints, filed between 2011 and May 2015, that the officers pressure inmates to have sex which happens in bathrooms, closets, the laundry and officers' stations.
15日《基督教科學箴言報》網站報道，美國總統在2007年便承諾要關閉關塔那摩監獄，但直到2015年12月15日，該監獄仍有107名在押嫌疑人。聯合國指出，在不經公訴和審判的前提下無限期關押嫌疑人違反國際法，呼吁美國關閉這所監獄。	Dec. 15 According to the website of Christian Science Monitor, the U.S. president first promised to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2007. But until December 15, 2015, 107 prisoners still remained in custody. The UN said indefinite imprisonment of detainees without charge or trial violated international law, calling on the United States to close the military prison camp.
16日《邁阿密先驅報》網站發表文章，披露了獄警帕特里克·奎爾西奧里在羅維爾女子監獄中的腐敗和暴行。雖然奎爾西奧里曾被逮捕過兩次，但佛羅里達監獄系統2004年仍然雇傭了他。他被囚犯們稱為羅維爾監獄中最危險的獄警之一。在過去10年中，已經有57名囚犯死在了羅維爾監獄，這個數字并不包括被送往醫院的囚犯。	Dec. 16 A report carried by the website of the Miami Herald disclosed corruption and brutality of Patrick Quercioli, a corrections officer at Lowell Correctional Institution for women. Though he' d been arrested twice, Quercioli managed to persuade the Florida Department of Corrections to hire him in 2004. He was known among prisoners as one of the most menacing officers at the correctional institution. In the past 10 years 57 inmates died in the prison, not accounting those who make it to hospital.
同日，《華爾街日報》與美國全國廣播公司聯合調查顯示，美國的種族關系正處于20年來最糟的時期。2015年12月，只有34%的美國人認為種族關系足夠好或非常好，比2009年下降了43個百分點。	On the same day, a Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll in December 2015 showed that only 34 percent of Americans believe race relations in the United States were fairly good or very good, down 43 percentage points from 2009.
同日，“空中戰爭跟蹤組織”網站報道，2014年8月8日至2015年12月16日，伊拉克和敘利亞有757名至1073名平民在123件空襲事件中被美國主導的聯軍殺害。	On the same day, Airwars reported on its website that between August 8, 2014 and December 16, 2015, 123 air strikes launched by U.S.-led coalition forces caused a number of civilian deaths between 757 and 1,073.
17日美國“攔截”網站報道，美國情報機構使用技術手段長期大規模監聽普通民眾。“黃貂魚”“垃圾盒”等一系列程序都可以被美國國家安全局或中央情報局用于監聽手機和短信，甚至可以提取手機內媒體文件、地址簿及被刪除的短信。	Dec. 17 According to the intercept.com, intelligence agencies in the United States resort to high technology to spy on civilians. A dozens of cellphone surveillance devices such as Stingray and "dirt boxes" were used by intelligence agencies, such as the NSA and the CIA, to eavesdrop on calls and spying on SMS messages. Two systems are touted as having the ability to extract media files, address books and retrieve deleted text messages.
18日美國疾病控制和防治中心發布的報告顯示，美國因藥物服用過量（主要是止痛藥和海洛因）致死人數再創新高。2014年超過47000人死于藥物服用過量，比2013年增加了約6%。	Dec. 18 Drug (mostly prescription painkillers and heroin) overdose deaths hit record numbers, according to a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than 47,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2014, an increase of 6 percent from 2013.
24日俄羅斯衛星新聞網報道，美國國防部前雇員、導彈技術專家西奧多·波斯托爾接受采訪時表示，平民至今仍是美國核力量的潛在打擊目標。他說：“事實是，平民從一開始，并且至今都是我們的目標。”	Dec. 24 According to sputniknews.com, former Pentagon official and missile expert Theodore Postol said the targeting of civilian populations for annihilation by U.S. nuclear forces in the 1950s continues to this day. "The fact of the matter is that we have targeted populations from the very beginning and do so to this day," he said.
27日《華盛頓郵報》網站報道，一名芝加哥警察12月26日在處置一場家庭糾紛報警時反應過度，射殺了19歲的勒格利爾及其55歲的鄰居貝蒂·瓊斯。	Dec. 27 The Washington Post website reported that 55-year-old black woman Bettie Jones and her 19-year-old neighbor Quintonio LeGrier were "accidentally" shot dead on December 26 by a police officer in an apartment in Chicago when he was responding to a report of a domestic disturbance.
28日美國“槍支暴力檔案”網站發布《2015年槍支暴力傷亡人數》，2015年美國共發生槍支暴力事件51675起，其中大規模槍擊事件329起；共造成13136人死亡，26493人受傷，其中0歲至11歲的兒童傷亡682人，12歲至17歲的少年傷亡2640人。	Dec. 28 According to a toll report by the website of the Gun Violence Archive, there were a total of 51,675 gun violence incidents in the United States in 2015, including 329 mass shootings. Altogether 13,136 were killed and 26,493 injured, including 682 children aged zero to 11 and 2,640 teens aged 12 to 17.
31日據《華盛頓郵報》網站統計，美國警察2015年共射殺990人。按照月份統計，美國警察2015年1月射殺76人，2月射殺77人，3月射殺92人，4月射殺84人，5月射殺71人，6月射殺65人，7月射殺104人，8月射殺94人，9月射殺80人，10月射殺82人，11月射殺76人，12月射殺89人。	Dec. 31 According to data posted on the Washington Post website, 990 people were fatally shot by police in the United States in 2015. On a monthly basis, police shot dead 76 people in January, 77 in February, 92 in March, 84 in April, 71 in May, 65 in June, 104 in July, 94 in August, 80 in September, 82 in October, 76 in November and 89 in December.