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Standing at China's west gate in the eastern
part of the Pamirs on the "roof of the world" is the Taxkorgan
Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, a town built up since 1950s.
It is the place where the ancient Tajik ethnic group has lived generation
after generation. Most of the 41,028 Tajiks live in compact communities
in Taxkorgan, and the rest are scattered over areas in southern Xinjiang,
including Shache, Zepu, Yecheng and Pishan. The Tajiks in Taxkorgan
live alongside Uygurs, Kirgizs, Xibes and Hans.
Taxkorgan is perched at the highest
part of the Pamirs. The world's second highest peak, Mount Qogir,
towers in the south, and in the north stands Mount Muztagata, "the
father of ice peaks." In addition, several dozen perennially
snow-capped mountains, 5,000 to 6,000 meters above sea level, dot
the 25,000-square-kilometer county. For centuries, the Tajiks have
been engaged in animal husbandry and farming by making use of the
luxuriant pasturage and abundant water resources. Every spring,
they sow highland barley, pea, wheat and other cold-resistant crops.
They drive their herds to highland grazing grounds in early summer,
return to harvest the crops in autumn and then spend winter at home,
leading a semi-nomadic life.
Custom
Over the centuries, the Tajiks have
adapted their dressing, eating and living habits to the highland
conditions. Men wear collarless long jackets with belts, on top
of which they add sheepskin overcoats in cold weather. They wear
tall lambskin hats lined with black velvet and decorated with lines
of embroidery. The flaps can be turned down to protect ears and
cheeks from wind and snow. Women wear dresses. Married women wear
back aprons, and their embroidered cotton-padded hats also have
back flaps. Women usually tie a white square towel on top of their
hats when they go out, but brides like red ones. Both men and women
wear felt stockings, long soft sheepskin boots with yak skin soles,
which, light and durable, are suitable for walking mountain paths.
The Tajik herdsmen enjoy butter, sour milk, and other dairy products,
and regard meat as a delicacy. It is a taboo to eat pork and the
flesh of animals which died of natural causes.
Most Tajik houses are square and flat-roofed
structures of wood and stone with solid and thick walls of rock
and sod. Ceilings, with skylights in the center for light and ventilation,
are built with twigs on which clay mixed with straw is plastered.
Doors, usually at corners, face east. Since the high plateau is
often assailed by snowstorms, the rooms are spacious but low. Adobe
beds that can be heated are built along the walls and covered with
felt. Senior family members, guests and juniors sleep on different
sides of the same room. When herdsmen graze their herds in the mountains,
they usually live in felt tents or mud huts.
In most cases, three generations of
a Tajik family live under the same roof. The male parent is the
master of the family. Women have no right to inherit property and
are under the strict control of their father-in-law and husband.
In the past, the Tajiks seldom had intermarriages with other ethnic
groups. Such marriages, if any, were confined to those with Uygurs
and Kirgizs. Marriages were completely decided by the parents. Except
for siblings, people could marry anyone regardless of seniority
and kinship. Therefore marriages between cousins were very common.
After the young couple was engaged, the boy's family had to present
betrothal gifts such as gold, silver, animals and clothes to the
girl's family. All relatives and friends were invited to the wedding
ceremony. Accompanied by his friends, the groom went to the bride's
home, where a religious priest presided over the nuptial ceremony.
He first sprayed some flour on the groom and bride, and then asked
them to exchange rings tied with strips of red and white cloth,
eat some meat and pancake from the same bowl and drink water from
the same cup, an indication that they would from that time on live
together all their lives. The following day, escorted by a band,
the newlyweds rode on horseback to the groom's home, where further
celebrations were held. The festivities would last three days until
the bride removed her veil.
Childbirth is a major event for the
Tajiks. When a boy is born, three shots will be fired or three loud
cheers shouted to wish him good health and a promising future; a
broom will be placed under the pillow of a newborn girl in the hope
that she will become a good housewife. Relatives and friends will
come to offer congratulations and spray flour on the baby to express
their auspicious wishes.
The Tajik people pay great attention
to etiquette. Juniors must greet seniors and, when relatives and
friends meet, they will shake hands and the men will pat each other's
beard. Even when strangers meet on the road, they will greet each
by putting the thumbs together and saying "May I help you?"
For saluting, men will bow with the right hand on the chest and
women will bow with both hands on the bosom. Guests visiting a Tajik
family must not stamp on salt or food, nor drive through the host's
flocks on horseback, or get near to his sheep pens, or kick his
sheep, all of which are considered to be very impolite. When dining
at the host's, the guests must not drop left-overs on the ground
and must remain in their seats until the table is cleaned. It would
be a breach of etiquette to take off the hat while talking to others,
unless an extremely grave problem is being discussed.
The Tajik spring festival, which falls
in March, marks the beginning of a new year, which is the most important
occasion for the Tajik people. Every family will clean up their
home and paint beautiful patterns on the walls as a symbol of good
luck for both people and heads. Early on the morning of the festival,
members of the family will lead a yak into the main room of the
house, make it walk in a circle, spray some flour on it, give it
some pancake and then lead it out. After that, the head of the village
will go around to bring greetings to each household and wish them
a bumper harvest. Then families will exchange visits and festival
greetings. Women in their holiday best, standing at the door, will
spray flour on the left shoulder of guests to wish them happiness.
The beginning of the Fasting Month marks the end of a year. On this
day, every family will make torches coated with butter. At dusk,
the family members will get together, have a roll call and each
will light a torch. The whole family will sit around the torches
and enjoy their festive dinner after saying their prayers. At night,
every household will light a big torch tied to a long pole and planted
on the roof. Men and women, young and old, will dance and sing through
the night under the bright light of the torches. The Islamic Corban
festival is another important occasion for the Tajik people.
As a result of frequent exchanges with
other nationalities, many Tajiks also speak the Uygur and Kirgiz
languages and generally use the Uygur script for writing.
History
The origin of the Tajik ethnic group
can be traced to tribes speaking eastern Iranian who had settled
in the eastern part of the Pamirs more than twenty centuries ago.
In the 11th century, the nomadic Turkic tribes called those people
"Tajiks" who lived in Central Asia, spoke Iranian and
believed in Islam. That is how "Tajik" came to be the
name of the ethnic group inhabiting this area. So, the Tajik people
who had lived in various areas of Xinjiang and those who had moved
from the western Pamirs to settle in Taxkorgan at different times
were ancestors of the present-day Tajik ethnic group in China.
The ancient tomb of Xiang Bao Bao,
found through archaeological excavation in recent years in Taxkorgan,
is a cultural relic ever discovered in the westernmost part of the
country. Many burial objects found in this 3,000-year-old tomb and
funeral rites they revealed show that the Tajik ethnic group has
been a member of the big family of ethnic groups in China since
ancient times.
In
the late 18th century, Tsarist Russia took advantage of the turmoil
in southern Xinjiang to occupy Ili and intensified its scheme to
take control the Pamirs of China by repeatedly sending in "expeditions"
to pave the way for armed expansion there. In 1895, Britain and
Russia made a private deal to dismember the Pamirs and attempted
to capture Puli. Together with the garrison troops, the Tajik people
defended the border and fought for the territorial integrity of
the country. At the same time, Tajik herdsmen volunteered to move
to areas south of Puli, where they settled for land reclamation
and animal husbandry while guarding the frontiers.
Social System Before 1949
The Tajik people were mainly engaged
in animal husbandry and farming, but productivity was very low,
unable to provide enough animal by-products in exchange for grain,
tea, cloth and other necessities. The economic polarization resulting
from heavy feudal oppression was best illustrated by the distribution
of the means of production. The majority of the Tajik herdsmen owned
very small herds, so that they were unable to maintain even the
lowest standard of living, and still others had none at all. A small
number of rich herdsmen not only owned numerous yaks, camels, horses
and sheep, but held by force vast tracts of pasturage and fertile
farmland.
In the Tajik areas, the chief means
of exploitation used by rich herd owners was hiring laborers, who
received only one sheep and one lamb as pay for tending 100 sheep
over a period of six months. The pay for tending 200 sheep for the
herd owner for one year was just the wool and milk from 20 ewes.
Herd owners also extorted free service from poor herdsmen through
the tradition of "mutual assistance within the clan."
Tajik peasants in Shache, Zepu, Yecheng
and other farming areas were cruelly exploited by the landlords.
In those areas, "gang farming" was a major way of exploitation.
Besides paying rent in kind that took up two-thirds of their total
output, tenants had to work without pay on plots managed by the
landlords themselves every year, and even the peasants' wives and
daughters had to work for the landlords. There was practically no
difference between tenants and serfs except that the former had
a bit of personal freedom.
There were all kinds of taxes and levies
in both pastoral and rural areas. Especially during the 1947-1949
period, the Tajik herdsmen in Taxkorgan were forced to hand in more
than 3,000 sheep and 500 tons of forage and firewood a year to the
reactionary government. Poverty-stricken under heavy exploitation,
the Tajik people were unable to make a decent living, and widespread
diseases reduced their population to just about 7,000 when Xinjiang
was liberated in December 1949.
Development after 1950
In
1954, the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County was founded on the basis
of the former Puli County where the Tajik ethnic group lived in
compact communities.
At the time of China??s national liberation
in 1949, Taxkorgan had only 27,000 animals, two per capita of the
total population in the county; total grain output was 850 tons,
55 kg per capita. Since 1959, the county has been self-sufficient
in grain and fodder and able to deliver a large number of animals
and quantities of furs and wool to the state each year. Several
hundred hectares of new pasture and grassland have been added in
recent years. There was no factory or workshop in Taxkorgan before
1949, and even horseshoes had to come from other places. Now more
than 10 small factories and handicraft workshops have been built,
such as farm and animal husbandry machine factories, hydroelectric
power stations and fur processing mills. Mechanization of farming
and animal husbandry has expanded. Veterinary stations have been
built in most communities. Tajiks have been trained as veterinarians
and agro-technicians. Tractors are being used in more than half
of the land in the county. One breed of sheep developed by the Tajik
herdsmen is among the best in Xinjiang.
Taxkorgan was a backward, out-of-the-way
area before 1949, when it would take a fortnight by riding a camel
or a week on horseback to reach Kashi, the biggest city in southern
Xinjiang. In 1958, the Kashi-Taxkorgan Highway was completed, shortening
the trip between the two places to one day.
In the town of Taxkorgan, the county
seat, which is perched right on top of the Pamirs, wide streets
link shops, the hospital, schools, the post office, bank, bookstore,
meteorological station and other new buildings in traditional architectural
style and factories under construction. Great changes have also
taken place in many mountain hamlets, where shops and clinics have
been built. The herdsmen and peasants are enjoying good health with
the improvement of living conditions and medical care. Since 1959,
schools have been set up in all villages, and roaming tent schools
have been run for herdsmen's children. Many young Tajiks have been
trained as workers, technicians, doctors and teachers.
The
Tajik people's living standards have improved considerably with
the steady growth of the local economy. A growing number of herdsman
households have bought radios and TV sets.
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