《2014年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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調整字號大小: 
| 八、環境權利 | VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment |
| 2014年，中國政府以治理環境突出問題為重點，努力保障廣大人民群眾的環境權利，積極探索中國特色生態文明建設道路。 | In 2014 the Chinese government gave the country's major environmental problems high priority, making considerable efforts to safeguard the people's right to a clean and healthy environment, and further exploring a new way to make ecological progress with Chinese characteristics. |
| 環境生態保護制度體系進一步完善。2014年，國家對環境保護法進行了全面修訂，強化了政府和企業的環保責任，明確了公民的環境權利和環保義務，規定了查封扣押、重點污染物排放總量控制、按日計罰、限產停產、移送拘留、環境公益訴訟、區域聯防聯控、公眾參與等多項新制度。《突發環境事件調查處理辦法》、《企業事業單位環境信息公開辦法》、《環境保護主管部門實施限制生產、停產整治辦法》、《環境保護主管部門實施按日連續處罰辦法》、《環境保護主管部門實施查封、扣押辦法》等配套規范性文件相繼制定頒布，進一步完善了建設生態文明國家的法律制度體系。 | The legal system for protecting the environment and eco-systems was further improved. In 2014 China made a comprehensive amendment to the Environmental Protection Law, by which governments at all levels and all enterprises are required to shoulder more responsibilities, the citizens' right to a clean and healthy environment and their duties regarding the protection of the environment are clearly defined, and a series of new mechanisms concerning closing down or distraining facilities (causing environmental pollution), total quantity control of major pollutant emissions, fines accumulating by the day, production restriction and halts, detention, environmental public interests litigation, regional joint defense against and control of pollution, and public participation are included. Specific normative regulations were also drawn up and issued to support the newly amended law, including the Rules on Investigating and Handling Emergent Environmental Incidents, Rules on Environment Information Disclosure of Enterprises and Public Institutions, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Limiting or Halting Pollution-causing Production, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Levying Fines Accumulating by the Day and Rules for Environmental Administrations in Closing Down or Distraining Pollution-causing Facilities and Equipment. These have all greatly reinforced China's legal system in the ecological and environmental field. |
| 綠色生態建設取得新進展。2014年，全國造林602.7萬公頃，重點生態修復工程完成造林199.9萬公頃，城市建成區綠化覆蓋面積增加9.6萬公頃，沙化土地治理126.5萬公頃，新啟動封禁保護區試點縣23個，國家沙漠公園試點32個，新建自然保護區11處，面積14萬公頃，新增濕地保護面積50多萬公頃。截至2014年底，全國自然保護區達到2729個，其中國家級自然保護區428個。2014年，全國各類草原違法案件立案1.78萬起，結案1.74萬起，結案率97.6%；清理排查非法侵占林地案件4.9萬起，收回違法違規侵占林地3517.3公頃；森林和野生動物刑事案件立案3.1萬起，破案2.5萬起，比2013年上升14.1%，首次公開銷毀執法查沒象牙及制品6.1噸。西藏國家生態安全屏障保護與建設完成投資57億元。 | New progress achieved in ecological construction. In 2014 some 6.027 million ha of trees were planted all around China, among which 1.999 million ha was in the key ecological-rehabilitation projects. In addition, 96,000 ha of urban built-up areas were greened. The state improved 1.265 million ha of desertified lands, newly designated 23 counties as pilot areas for forest conservation, set up 32 national pilot desert parks, built 11 new nature reserves totaling 140,000 ha, and increased the areas of conserved wetlands by more than 500,000 ha. By the end of 2014 there were 2,729 nature reserves in China, including 428 national ones. In the same year, 17,800 cases concerning grassland damage were placed on file across the country, and 17,400 cases, or 97.6 percent, were closed; 49,000 cases of illegal encroachment on forest lands were investigated and settled, with 3,517.3 ha of forests illegally encroached upon being rehabilitated; 31,000 cases concerning forest and wildlife crimes were recorded by public security organs, among which 25,000 were solved, an increase of 14.1 percent over 2013; and 6.1 tons of illegal ivory and ivory products were destroyed publicly for the first time. In the meantime, China provided a total of 5.7 billion yuan in a project for building and protecting a national ecological security barrier in Tibet. |
| 節能減排成效顯著。大力調整產業結構，完成了鋼鐵、水泥等15個重點行業淘汰落后產能年度任務，超額完成了淘汰黃標車和老舊車指標。逐步推進大氣環境保護目標責任制和考核評價制度。廣東、西藏等地建立了可操作、具體化的環境污染防治目標責任考核辦法。環境保護部對未履行環境保護職責或履行職責不到位的地方政府及相關部門負責人，依法進行告誡談話，并督促整改到位。河南安陽、湖南衡陽、貴州六盤水、山東臨沂、河北承德等地級市的“一把手”被環境保護部公開約談。2014年，全國化學需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放繼續下降，尤其是氮氧化物排放量下降6.7%，為歷史上年度最大降幅。全年煤炭消費量下降2.9%，水電、風電、核電、天然氣等清潔能源消費量占能源消費總量的16.9%，萬元國內生產總值能耗下降4.8%，萬元工業增加值用水量下降5.6%。年末城市污水處理廠日處理能力達到12896萬立方米，比上年末增長3.5%，城市污水處理率達到90.2%。 | Remarkable results in energy conservation and emission reduction. In 2014 China made an enormous adjustment to its industrial structure, accomplishing the year's goal of abolishing outdated production capacities in 15 key industries like steel and cement, and overfulfiling the targets for scrapping yellow-labeled and outdated vehicles whose emissions were above the national standards. A goal-oriented responsibility and assessment system for air protection was gradually put in place, with the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Guangdong and some other provinces having drawn up feasible and specific measures. The Ministry of Environmental Protection gave warnings in line with the law to heads of local governments and departments that had failed to fulfill their environmental protection duties or hadn't performed them well, including the mayors of Anyang in Henan Province, Hengyang in Hunan Province, Liupanshui in Guizhou Province, Linyi in Shandong Province and Chengde in Hebei Province, and supervised their improvements. In 2014 the chemical oxygen demand, and the discharges of ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide continued to decrease, nitrogen oxide seeing the largest annual cut of 6.7 percent. The overall consumption of coal was reduced by 2.9 percent, and clean energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind energy, nuclear energy and natural gas, rose to 16.9 percent of all energy consumption in China during the year. In China energy used to produce 10,000 yuan of GDP declined by 4.8 percent and the amount of water used to produce 10,000 yuan added value of industry decreased by 5.6 percent. The daily treatment capacity of urban sewage plants had reached 128.96 million cubic meters by the end of the year, an increase of 3.5 percent over that by the end of the previous year, and 90.2 percent of urban sewage was treated. |
| 對環境違法行為的懲戒力度加大。各級環保部門嚴格執行環境保護法，全年共出動環境執法人員216萬余人次，檢查企業84萬家次，立案12531件，結案8373件，對1600余起案件進行了掛牌督辦。積極探索跨區域、跨流域聯合防治協調機制，逐步建立京津冀、長三角、珠三角等跨區域空氣、水質質量聯動規劃、監測、預報和防治機制，完善信息共享機制。各級環保部門和公安機關逐步建立聯動執法聯席會議、常設聯絡員、重大案件會商督辦“三項制度”和案件移送、聯合調查、信息共享和獎懲“四項機制”。創新手段開展無人機環保執法檢查，全年共飛行11架次，總航程超過2000公里，覆蓋面積達1000多平方公里。 | Punishments for activities violating environmental laws were intensified. Environmental administrations at all levels strictly executed laws concerning environmental protection, sending 2.16 million enforcement officers to inspect 840,000 enterprises, putting 12,531 cases on file and settling 8,373 of them, and particular supervision was given over the handling of 1,600 major cases. China actively explored a trans-regional and trans-river joint prevention and coordination mechanism, gradually established trans-regional joint planning, monitoring, forecasting, prevention and control systems for air and water quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas, and improved the relevant information-sharing mechanism. Environmental departments at all levels coordinated closely with public security organs, setting up the three systems of "joint enforcement conference," "permanent liaison officers," and "consultation on and joint supervision of major cases," and the four mechanisms of "transferring cases," "joint investigation," "sharing information," and "rewarding and punishing." China introduced unmanned planes for inspecting pollution, and during the year 11 flights were made, flying more than 2,000 km and covering an area of 1,000 sq km. |
| 環境權的司法保障進一步加強。最高人民法院設立專門的環境資源審判庭，實行環境司法專門化，對環境公益訴訟制度從管轄制度、審判程序、責任方式、賠償范圍和訴訟成本負擔機制作出了操作性的規定，充分保障法律規定的機關和有關組織的環境民事公益訴權。2014年12月，最高人民法院通報了佛山市三英精細材料有限公司訴佛山市順德區人民政府環保行政處罰案等十大環境保護行政案件。2014年因環境污染犯罪而被移送公安機關的案例數量超過了以往十年的總和。 | The legal guarantee of the right to a clean environment was further strengthened. The Supreme People's Court established a special tribunal to hear cases related to the environment and natural resources, and stipulated a practical environmental public interest litigation system covering jurisdiction, judicial procedure, liability, compensation scope and lawsuit costs, so as to fully safeguard the right of public interest litigation of the institutions and related civil organizations as stipulated by the law. In December 2014 the Supreme People's Court announced ten typical administrative cases concerning environmental protection, including the Jincheng (Foshan) Scien Fine Materials Co., Ltd' s lawsuit against an administrative penalty meted out by the Shunde District People's Government of Foshan City, Guangdong Province for the company's alleged environmental offence. The number of cases involving environmental offences that was transferred to public security organs in 2014 exceeded the total of the previous ten years. |
| 公民參與環境事務管理的渠道進一步拓寬。修改后的環境保護法規定，環保部門應當公開環境信息，完善程序，為公眾參與和監督環境保護提供便利；凡依法在設區的市級以上人民政府民政部門登記的，專門從事環境保護公益活動連續五年以上且無違法記錄的社會組織，都能向人民法院提起公益訴訟；對符合條件的社會組織提起的訴訟，人民法院應當受理。各級政府機關還積極探索通過網絡平臺、問卷調查、聽證會、座談評議多種渠道吸納民眾意見。自2014年1月1日起，全國城市空氣質量實時發布平臺每天向社會實時發布約15萬個空氣質量數據和信息。環境保護部“12369”環保舉報熱線受理群眾舉報。截至2014年底，共受理公眾舉報1463件，目前已全部辦結，按期辦結率達100%。環境保護部印發《關于進一步做好突發環境事件信息公開工作的通知》，要求每月在《中國環境報》、環境保護部網站公開被舉報企業名稱、存在問題和處理情況。截至2014年底，已公開1479件舉報件（含2013年受理、2014年辦結的舉報件）的辦理情況和33件典型案例。 | The channels for citizens to participate in the management of environment-related affairs were further broadened. The amended Environmental Protection Law stipulates that: The environmental departments should disclose information about the environment and improve their procedures, so as to facilitate the public's participation in and supervision of environmental protection; the environmental NGOs which have registered with the civil affairs authorities at municipalities which contain districts or above, which are engaged in environmental protection for the public interest and have no law violation records for five consecutive years are eligible to file environmental public interest lawsuits to the people's courts, and the latter should accept and hear all lawsuits filed by eligible NGOs. Governments at all levels also actively explored ways of soliciting public opinions through online platforms, questionnaire surveys, hearings and reviewing panels. Since January 1, 2014 the national air quality real-time announcement website has released 150,000 pieces of information on the air quality in cities. The Ministry of Environmental Protection listened to and dealt with the public's complaints on environmental offences through the "12369" hotline. By the end of 2014 the hotline had handled 1,463 complaints from the public, and settled all of them on time. The ministry issued the Notice on Better Disclosure of Information Related to Emergent Environmental Incidents, requiring related departments to publish the names of reported offending enterprises, their problems and the handling of their problems in the China Environment News and the website of the ministry every month. By the end of 2014, the handling of 1,479 complaints (including those received in 2013 but settled in 2014) and 33 typical cases had been made known to the public. |
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