《2014年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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調整字號大小: 
| 四、公正審判權 | IV. Right to Impartial Trial |
| 2014年，各級司法機關強化司法公正、公開，積極推進多項司法改革舉措，進一步促進公正審判權有效實現，司法領域人權保障邁上新臺階。 | In 2014 China's judicial bodies at all levels enhanced judicial justice and openness, adopted multiple judicial reform measures and ensured impartiality in the trial of cases, thereby safeguarding human rights in the field of justice at a higher level. |
| 司法公正得到切實維護。公安機關、檢察機關和審判機關繼續落實有關法律規定，分別從偵查、檢察和審判等刑事訴訟各環節，進一步健全冤假錯案的防范機制、發現機制和糾正機制。2014年，各級人民法院依法懲治犯罪，維護人民群眾人身、財產安全，審結一審刑事案件102.3萬件，判處罪犯118.4萬人；嚴格落實罪刑法定、疑罪從無、證據裁判等原則，對518名公訴案件被告人和260名自訴案件被告人依法宣告無罪，切實保障無罪的人不受刑事追究。最高人民法院印發《關于辦理死刑復核案件聽取辯護律師意見的辦法》，保障律師查詢立案信息、查閱案卷材料等權利，律師可直接向最高人民法院法官當面陳述辯護意見。各級檢察機關對偵查機關不應當立案而立案的，督促撤案17673件；對濫用強制措施、違法取證、刑訊逼供等偵查活動違法情形，提出糾正意見54949件次；對不構成犯罪和證據不足的，決定不批捕116553人、不起訴23269人。各級人民法院按照審判監督程序再審改判刑事案件1317件。多起重大刑事冤假錯案根據疑罪從無原則得到糾正。福建省高級人民法院依法審理念斌投放危險物質案，以“事實不清、證據不足”宣告念斌無罪。內蒙古自治區高級人民法院依法再審呼格吉勒圖故意殺人、流氓罪一案，改判呼格吉勒圖無罪。 | Judicial justice maintained. Public security, procuratorial and judicial bodies continued to implement relevant laws and regulations to improve the mechanisms of preventing, identifying and redressing cases involving unjust, false and wrongful charges throughout all criminal procedures from investigation to prosecution to trials. In 2014 the people's courts at all levels punished criminals in accordance with the law, protected the lives and property of the people, concluded 1.023 million cases of first instance, and convicted 1.184 million people. Based on the principles of "statutory crime and penalty," "no punishment in doubtful cases" and "evidentiary adjudication," the courts acquitted 518 defendants in cases of public prosecution and 260 in cases of private prosecution, thereby maintaining the freedom of innocent people. The Supreme People's Court issued the Measures of the Supreme People' s Court for Listening to Opinions of Defense Lawyers in the Handling of Death Penalty Review Cases. It ensured lawyers' rights to search case-filing information and consult case files, and empowered lawyers to present defense arguments directly to judges of the Supreme People's Court. Procuratorial bodies at all levels got the investigation bodies to cancel 17,673 cases that should not have been filed; provided 54,949 opinions to correct illegal investigation activities such as misuse of compulsory measures, illegally obtaining evidence and extorting confessions by torture; got 116,553 arrests and 23,269 prosecutions annulled since the conducts in question did not constitute crimes or lacked sufficient evidence. Following the trial supervision procedures, the people's courts altered the judgments of 1,317 criminal cases after retrial. A number of major criminal cases involving unjust, false, or wrongful charges were redressed in accordance with the principle of "no punishment in doubtful cases." The Higher People's Court of Fujian Province heard the poisoning case involving Nian Bin, and acquitted the suspect on the ground of "lacking sufficient evidence." The Higher People's Court of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region retried the case of Hugjiltu who was originally charged with intentional homicide and indecent assault, and absolved him of guilt. |
| 司法透明度進一步提高。最高人民法院積極實施《關于推進司法公開三大平臺建設的若干意見》。建立審判流程信息平臺，方便當事人查詢案件進展情況。建設裁判文書公開平臺。2014年1月1日，《最高人民法院關于人民法院在互聯網公布裁判文書的規定》正式實施。全年共上網公布裁判文書629.4萬份，其中最高人民法院公布7993份。建設執行信息公開平臺。完善失信被執行人名單制度，全年共公開發布失信被執行人信息110萬例，采取限制高消費等信用懲戒措施150萬次。2014年10月1日，《人民檢察院案件信息公開工作規定（試行）》開始實施。全面建成全國檢察機關統一的案件信息公開系統，正式運行案件程序性信息查詢、法律文書公開、重要案件信息發布和辯護與代理預約申請等四大平臺。 | Judicial openness increased. The Supreme People's Court implemented the Several Opinions on Advancing the Establishment of the Three Major Platforms of Judicial Openness. A trial procedure information platform has been established so that litigants can inquire about the progress of their cases, and a judgment disclosure platform has been created. On January 1, 2014, the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the Publicizing of Written Judgments of the People's Courts on the Internet was officially implemented. In 2014, a total of 6.294 million judgments were publicized on the Internet, of which 7,993 were published by the Supreme People's Court. An execution information disclosure platform has been built. China has improved the system of publicizing the name and other information of people who fail to obey the rulings of the people's court. In 2014 China published information about 1.1 million such persons, and enforced punitive measures 1.5 million times, including restricting them from high consumption. On October 1, 2014 the Provisions on Case Information Disclosure by the People's Procuratorates (Trial) was implemented. China has completed the construction of a nationwide system of case information disclosure by procuratorial bodies, putting into operation the four platforms of case procedural information inquiry, legal documentation disclosure, information disclosure of major cases, and application by appointment for defense and representation. |
| 非法證據排除制度得到嚴格貫徹。公安機關、檢察機關和審判機關進一步完善非法證據排除的實施機制。對于偵查機關采用刑訊逼供等非法方法收集的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和采用暴力、威脅等非法方法收集的證人證言、被害人陳述，對于以違反法定程序收集、可能嚴重影響司法公正且不能補正或者作出合理解釋的物證、書證，依法予以排除。2014年，各級檢察機關因排除非法證據決定不批捕406人、不起訴198人。河北省順平縣檢察院在審查辦理王某某涉嫌故意殺人案時，針對多處疑點，堅決排除非法證據，作出不批捕決定，提出補充偵查意見，公安機關最終抓獲真兇。 | The system of excluding illegally obtained evidence implemented. Public security, procuratorial and judicial bodies have further improved the implementation mechanism of excluding illegally obtained evidence. They would refuse evidence obtained by these means: confessions of criminal suspects or defendants that are extorted by torture or other illegal means, witnesses' testimonies or victims' presentations obtained through violence or threats, material or written evidence obtained by violating legal procedures, and other actions that might severely affect justice, and to which no correction or supplementation can be made or reasonable explanations given. In 2014, by refusing to adopt illegally obtained evidence, procuratorial bodies at all levels decided not to arrest 406 people and not sue 198 people. During the investigation and examination of an intentional homicide case, the People' s Procuratorate of Shunping County in Hebei Province identified multiple questionable points, resolutely refused to adopt illegally obtained evidence, decided not to arrest the suspect by the family name of Wang, and urged more investigations, with the result that the real culprit was apprehended. |
| 司法體制改革積極推進。中央全面深化改革領導小組第三次會議審議通過《關于司法體制改革試點若干問題的框架意見》等文件，在上海、廣東、吉林、湖北、海南、貴州、青海7個省市先行試點完善司法人員分類管理、完善司法責任制、健全司法人員職業保障、推動省以下地方法院檢察院人財物統一管理等四項司法改革措施。根據《最高人民法院設立巡回法庭試點方案》，最高人民法院在廣東省深圳市、遼寧省沈陽市分別設立第一、第二巡回法庭，審理跨行政區域重大行政和民商事案件，實現最高人民法院工作重心下移，就地解決糾紛，方便群眾訴訟，確保司法公正。根據《最高人民法院關于全面深化人民法院改革的意見》，設立跨行政區劃法院，在北京、上海組建跨行政區劃中級法院，辦理跨地區重大刑事、民事、行政案件；在北京、上海探索設立跨行政區劃人民檢察院，重點辦理跨地區的行政訴訟監督案件、重大民商事監督案件、重大職務犯罪案件、重大環境資源保護和重大食品藥品安全刑事案件，保證國家法律正確統一實施。 | Judicial system reform advanced. The Third Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening the Reform deliberated on and adopted the Framework Opinions on Several Issues Concerning Judicial System Reform and other documents. Shanghai Municipality and Guangdong, Jilin, Hubei, Hainan, Guizhou and Qinghai provinces were designated as pilot areas to implement four judicial reform measures, namely, improving the categorized management of judicial personnel, improving the judicial accountability system, improving the career security of judicial personnel, and implementing the integrated management of personnel, finance and property in the people's courts and procuratorates below the provincial level. According to the Plan of the Supreme People's Court on Setting up Pilot Circuit Courts, the Supreme People's Court set up the First Circuit Court in Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, and the Second Circuit Court in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, to hear major administrative, civil and business cases across administrative regions, shifting its work focus to lower levels and resolving disputes on the spot, thus making it more convenient for the ordinary people to file lawsuits and ensuring judicial justice. In line with the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Comprehensibly Deepening the Reform of the People's Courts, Beijing and Shanghai have set up trans-administrative regional intermediate courts to handle major criminal, civil and administrative cases; Beijing and Shanghai have been exploring ways of setting up trans-administrative regional people's procuratorates, focusing on administrative litigation supervision cases, major civil and business supervision cases, major duty-related cases, major criminal cases concerning environmental and resource protection and food and drug safety, so as to ensure that the law is enforced correctly and consistently across the country. |
| 行政審判制度進一步改革完善。全國人民代表大會常務委員會通過了關于修改行政訴訟法的決定，完善行政案件起訴、審理、判決、執行等制度，進一步保護公民、法人和其他組織的合法權益。擴大行政訴訟的受案范圍，明確將行政機關濫用行政權力排除或者限制競爭的，違法集資、攤派費用的，沒有依法支付撫恤金、最低生活保障待遇或者社會保險待遇等行政行為納入受案范圍。在立案上，實行立案登記制，起訴期限延長至六個月。2014年，各級人民法院受理一審行政訴訟案件15.1萬件，審結13.1萬件，同比分別上升16.3%和8.3%。山東、廣東、陜西、江蘇、云南、河南等省份的行政案件跨區域集中管轄試點工作扎實推進。 | Administrative adjudication system reformed and improved. The Standing Committee of the NPC adopted the resolution on amending the Administrative Litigation Law, further improving the systems covering every aspect of administrative litigation, from bringing a case to court, the trial of the case, to making of the judgment and enforcement, so as to further protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations. China has expanded the case-filing scope for administrative litigation to include such activities as administrative bodies' abuse of power to exclude and restrict competition, illegal raising of funds and apportioning expenses, and failing to provide subsistence allowances or social security benefits. China practices case-filing registration and has extended the time limit for prosecution to six months. In 2014 the people' s courts at all levels took up 151,000 administrative cases of first instance and concluded 131,000 of them, up 16.3 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively, over 2013. Shandong, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Henan provinces continued the pilot work of centralized jurisdiction of trans-regional administrative cases. |
| 知識產權司法保護更加完善。2014年，北京、上海、廣州設立了知識產權法院。最高人民法院發布《知識產權法院法官選任工作指導意見（試行）》，明確了知識產權法院法官的選任原則、選任標準、選任方式等，提高知識產權審判專業化水平。2014年，各級人民檢察院起訴侵犯商標權、專利權、著作權和商業秘密等犯罪9427人，同比上升7.1%。各級人民法院審結一審知識產權案件11萬件，同比上升10%。 | Judicial protection of intellectual property rights improved. In 2014 Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou set up intellectual property courts. The Supreme People' s Court issued the Guiding Opinions on Selecting and Appointing Judges for Intellectual Property Courts (Trial), which prescribed the principles, criteria and approaches for selecting and appointing such judges, and improved the professional level of intellectual property adjudication. In 2014 the people's procuratorates at all levels prosecuted 9,427 persons for infringement of trademarks, patents, copyrights or business secrets, up 7.1 percent over 2013. The people's courts at all levels concluded 110,000 intellectual property cases of first instance, up 10 percent over 2013. |
| 國家賠償和司法救助工作進一步加強。明確國家賠償案件適用精神損害賠償的原則和條件，推動建立國家賠償聯動機制，有效保障賠償請求人合法權益。2014年，各級人民法院審結國家賠償案件2708件，決定賠償金額1.1億元。完善刑事被害人救助制度。為當事人減免訴訟費1.8億元，保障生活困難的群眾獲得訴訟救濟的權利。 | State compensation and judicial assistance enhanced. China has made it clear that the principles and conditions guiding the compensation for psychological damage can be applied in state compensation cases, and is making efforts to build a joint mechanism for state compensation to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of compensation applicants. In 2014 the people's courts at all levels concluded 2,708 state compensation cases, and decided on a compensation amount totaling 110 million yuan. China has improved the criminal victim relief system, reducing or exempting litigation fees totaling 180 million yuan, so as to protect the litigation relief rights of impoverished people. |
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