《2014年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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| 六、婦女、兒童和老年人權利 | VI. Rights of Women, Children and Senior Citizens |
| 2014年，中國政府進一步貫徹男女平等基本國策，落實兒童最大利益原則，加快推進社會養老服務體系建設和養老服務業發展，切實保障婦女、兒童和老年人合法權益。 | In 2014 the Chinese government further implemented the basic national policy of equality between men and women, and the principle that "the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration," and built up a system of old-age services and related businesses, so as to better protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, children and senior citizens. |
| 婦女參與公共事務管理的權利得到依法保障。健全法律政策性別平等評估工作機制，加強對法律政策的性別平等評估。截至2014年底，已有北京、天津、山西、江蘇、浙江、安徽、湖北、四川8個省市建立省級法規政策性別平等評估機制，從性別角度對法規政策的影響進行評估，避免因規定不當造成制度性的性別歧視。推動把農村婦女進村“兩委”工作納入新一輪村“兩委”換屆選舉工作同步部署，深化婦女議事會、婦女理事會、留守婦女互助組、巾幗志愿服務等工作。全年新增留守婦女互助組3.3萬多個、新增注冊巾幗志愿者222萬人。 | Women's right to participation in public affairs management protected in accordance with the law. The mechanism for assessing relevant laws and policies concerning gender equality was improved. By the end of 2014 Beijing and Tianjin cities, and Shanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei and Sichuan provinces had established their own mechanisms for assessing the effects of regulations and policies from the perspective of gender so as to avoid institutional gender discrimination caused by improper stipulations. Efforts were made to include rural women into the village branch committees of the CPC and the villagers' committees when a new round of election of these two committees was conducted, and to improve the work of women's deliberative councils, boards of women directors, mutual-assistance groups of women in the countryside whose husbands are seeking employment in cities, and women volunteers. In 2014 more than 33,000 such mutual-assistance groups were set up, and 2.22 million women volunteers were registered. |
| 婦女就業得到有效促進。2014年，累計發放婦女小額擔保貸款2172.75億元，中央和地方落實財政貼息資金186.81億元，獲得貸款的婦女459萬人次。開展新型職業女農民培訓，提升婦女的市場競爭能力。全年扶持各級巾幗現代農業科技示范基地1.7萬個，創建巾幗家政培訓基地4000多個，培訓巾幗家政服務員58萬人次，幫助60萬人次婦女在家政服務行業實現就業；實施助推女大學生就業創業行動，為227所高校50多萬女大學生提供政策宣傳、崗位推介等服務。 | Employment of women effectively increased. In 2014 some 217.275 billion yuan of small-sum secured loans were granted to women, and 18.681 billion yuan of subsidies for interest discount were issued from central and local government budgets, benefiting 4.59 million women. Training of a new type of professional women farmers was offered to enhance their market competitiveness. Some 17,000 modern agricultural scientific and technological demonstration bases at various levels run by women received government support, more than 4,000 domestic service training bases were built for women, more than 580,000 women received training, and more than 600,000 women found jobs as domestic helpers. Efforts were made to help more than 500,000 female students in 227 colleges and universities find jobs or start businesses through publicity of employment policies and by provision of information on job vacancies. |
| 婦女、兒童人身權利進一步得到保障。2014年，各級人民法院審結拐賣婦女兒童、性侵未成年人犯罪案件1048件，其中判處5年以上有期徒刑至死刑876人。制定《關于依法辦理家庭暴力犯罪案件的意見》，依法制裁家庭暴力行為。2014年2月，最高人民法院向社會通報人民法院近年來打擊家庭暴力行為的有關情況，同時公布十起涉家庭暴力典型案例，進一步統一了涉家庭暴力案件的法律適用。截至2014年底，全國已有29個省（自治區、直轄市）制定了專門的預防和制止家庭暴力的地方性法規或政策。《中華人民共和國反家庭暴力法（征求意見稿）》正式向社會公眾征求意見。著力健全未成年人社會保護“監測預防、發現報告、幫扶干預”聯動反應機制，積極構建覆蓋城鄉的未成年人社會保護網絡，探索建立“以家庭監護為基礎、社會監督為保障、國家監護為補充”的監護制度，推動形成“家庭、社會、政府”三位一體的未成年人社會保護工作格局。2014年12月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、民政部聯合發布《關于依法處理監護人侵害未成年人權益行為若干問題的意見》，對依法處理監護人侵害未成年人合法權益作出明確規定，建立了監護侵害情形報告處置機制，細化了未成年人監護權轉移案件審理要求，明確了民政部門、審判機關、檢察機關和公安機關的職責。江蘇省徐州市銅山區人民法院審結首例撤銷未成年父母監護資格案件。完善未成年人案件“圓桌審判”方式，繼續落實未成年人犯罪記錄封存制度。 | The rights of the person of women and children better protected. In 2014 the people' s courts at various levels concluded 1,048 criminal cases involving the kidnapping of women and children and sexual assault on minors, resulting in 876 criminals sentenced to five years' imprisonment or more, with some receiving the death penalty. The Opinions on Law-based Handling of Crimes of Domestic Violence was enacted to provide legislation for the punishment of domestic violence in accordance with the law. In February 2014 the Supreme People' s Court held a press conference focusing on domestic violence cases handled by the people' s courts in recent years, citing 10 typical cases as examples, which improved the consistent application of the laws in tackling domestic violence. By the end of 2014 a total of 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government had enacted local regulations and policies to prevent and deter domestic violence. The Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People ' s Republic of China (draft) was published to solicit the public's opinions. Efforts were made to improve the joint response mechanism for protecting minors, which featured "monitoring for prevention, timely reporting of clues, and assistance and intervention," to build a nationwide social protection network for minors, and to explore a guardian system with "family guardianship as the basis, public supervision as the guarantee, and state guardianship as the supplement," so as to form a working structure for the protection of minors that integrates efforts of family, society and government. In December 2014 the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly released the Opinions on Law-based Handling of the Infringement of the Rights and Interests of Minors by Their Guardians, which made explicit stipulations, created a mechanism for reporting and handling the infringement as soon as it occurs, specified the requirements for the trial of cases involving guardianship transfer, and defined the duties of civil affairs departments, courts, prosecution organs and public security organs. The Tongshan District People's Court of Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, concluded the first case in China that stripped the parents of their guardianship of their minor child. The practice of "round-table trial" of cases involving minor suspects was improved, and the system of sealing up criminal records of minors was followed. |
| 困境兒童生活保障制度不斷完善。民政部公布《關于規范生父母有特殊困難無力撫養的子女和社會散居孤兒收養工作的意見》、《家庭寄養管理辦法》、《關于建立兒童福利領域慈善行為導向機制的意見》等規范性文件，探索建立困境兒童分類保障制度，穩步推進適度普惠型兒童福利制度先行先試工作，鼓勵社會力量參與兒童福利慈善活動。孤兒基本生活保障水平不斷提高。中央財政投入23億元專項補助資金，地方普遍加大財政投入，為孤兒發放基本生活費，惠及全國55.7萬名孤兒和5200名艾滋病病毒感染兒童。 | Subsistence security of children living in difficult circumstances strengthened. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has issued the Opinions on Regulating the Adoption of Children with Extremely Indigent Biological Parents and of Abandoned Orphans, Measures for the Management of Families with Children Entrusted to Their Care, Opinions on Establishing a Guiding Mechanism for Charitable Deeds Concerning Children, and other regulatory documents, explored the provision of classified security for children living in difficult circumstances, pushed forward a pilot program of a moderate general preferential welfare system for children, and encouraged the public to join in philanthropic activities for children. The subsistence allowances for orphans were continuously increased. The central budget allocated 2.3 billion yuan in addition to the financial provision of local governments to cover the basic cost of living for orphans, benefiting 557,000 orphans and 5,200 HIV-affected children nationwide. |
| 婦女兒童健康服務水平進一步提升。國家衛生和計劃生育委員會將2014年確定為“婦幼健康服務年”，啟動婦幼健康優質服務創建活動。繼續做好農村孕產婦住院分娩補助、農村婦女“兩癌”檢查等項目。全年分別為1000萬和120萬農村婦女進行宮頸癌、乳腺癌免費檢查，為10362名貧困患病婦女提供人均1萬元救助。大力推進國家免費孕前優生健康檢查項目，年度目標人群覆蓋率達到80%以上。婦女兒童常見病、多發病得到有效防治，艾滋病母嬰傳播率下降至6.3%，孕產婦中重度貧血患病率、低出生體重發生率、兒童營養不良患病率等指標不斷改善。中央財政繼續安排21.62億元專項補助資金，惠及全國55.2萬名孤兒和5226名艾滋病病毒感染兒童。“貧困地區嬰幼兒營養改善試點項目”拓展到21個省（自治區、直轄市）300個縣，“消除嬰幼兒貧血行動”惠及15萬嬰幼兒。在集中連片特殊貧困地區投入經費5億元和1.59億元，分別實施兒童營養改善項目和新生兒疾病篩查項目，為137萬名6至24個月的嬰幼兒免費提供營養包，為132.5萬新生兒開展兩種遺傳代謝病（PKU和CH）篩查和新生兒聽力篩查。西藏基本完成10000名先天性心臟病兒童免費救治。 | Woman and child health care service improved. The National Health and Family Planning Commission made 2014 "Woman and Child Health Care Service Year," kicking off a campaign to provide high-quality health care service for women and children. In-patient childbirth subsidies were granted to rural women. Rural women received free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening examinations practices that had been continued for years. In 2014 some 10 million and 1.2 million rural women, respectively, had such free examinations, and 10,362 women patients with financial difficulties each received 10,000 yuan of aid on average. The government went ahead with free pre-pregnancy physical examinations, which covered more than 80 percent of the targeted women in 2014. Common diseases, frequently-occurring diseases afflicting women and children were effectively prevented and cured. The mother-to-child transmission rate of AIDS dropped to 6.3 percent. The occurrence of serious anemia among pregnant or lying-in women, of low-birth-weight infants, and of malnutrition among children all declined. The central budget allocated 2.162 billion yuan of special subsidies to support 552,000 orphans and 5,226 HIV-infected children. The "pilot program of nutrition improvement for infants in poverty-stricken areas" had spread to 300 counties in 21 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government by the end of 2014, and the "act to eliminate anemia among infants" benefited 150,000 babies. Some 500 million yuan and 159 million yuan, respectively, were spent on nutrition improvement of children and disease-screening examinations of newborns in contiguous poverty-stricken areas. Free nutrition packages were provided to 1.37 million infants aged six to 24 months, and screening for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism and hearing loss was conducted for 1.325 million newborns. Some 10,000 children suffering congenital heart disease in Tibet Autonomous Region received free treatment. |
| 老年人權益保障機制進一步健全。深入實施《中國老齡事業發展“十二五”規劃》、《社會養老服務體系建設規劃（2011－2015年）》、《國務院關于加快發展養老服務業的若干意見》和《關于進一步加強老年人優待工作的意見》，山東、河北、廣東、海南、上海等省（市）完成了省級老年人權益保障、老年人優待、養老機構管理等方面的地方性法規制定工作，建立高齡津貼制度，制定經濟困難老年人養老服務補貼政策。著力推動社區為老服務信息平臺建設，促進居家養老服務發展。全國已有25個省（自治區、直轄市）60多個縣（市、區）建起社區為老服務信息平臺，2000萬老年人受益。全國城鄉居家和社區養老服務覆蓋率分別達到70%和37%。企業退休人員基本養老金水平連續10年調整，月人均水平由2004年的647元提高到2014年的2050元。2014年7月起，城鄉居民養老保險基礎養老金最低標準從每人每月55元提高到70元，中央財政增加補助資金120億元，1.43億城鄉居民領到基本養老金。中央投資25億元，優先改善社會福利院、農村敬老院等“兜底”床位條件，重點滿足困難群體的服務需求。截至2014年底，全國每千名老人擁有養老床位數達到26張。全國超過88.8%的65歲以上老年人納入健康管理體系。中央專項彩票公益金投入10億元，支持地方3.33萬個農村幸福院項目。加強老年群眾組織建設工作。截至2014年底，全國基層老年協會49萬個，老年志愿者人數近2000萬人。全國共建立老年人法律援助工作站2137個，老年人法律援助申請能夠及時就近得到受理。各級司法行政部門全年共組織辦理老年人法律援助案件11.3萬件，解答老年人法律咨詢34萬多人次。 | Rights and interests of senior citizens guaranteed. The government continued to implement the 12th Five-Year Plan for Helping Senior Citizens and 12th Five-Year Plan for the System of Old-age Services (both 2011-2015), Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating Old-age Services and Opinions on Improving Care for Senior Citizens. Shandong, Hebei, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, and Shanghai have drawn up their own regulations regarding the protection of the rights and interests of senior citizens, special care for them, and management of nursing homes. In these provinces and the city of Shanghai, allowances were provided for senior citizens over a certain age, and old-age service subsidies were issued to the elderly in financial difficulties. Information platforms for the elderly have been set up in more than 60 counties, cities and municipal districts in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, benefiting 20 million elderly people. Home care and community services now cover 70 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of the elderly population. The basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees have been increasing for 10 years in a row, with the per capita monthly amount being raised from 647 yuan in 2004 to 2,050 yuan in 2014. From July 2014 the lowest monthly basic amount of the pension insurance for rural and urban non-working residents was raised from 55 yuan to 70 yuan per person, for which the central budget allocated 12 billion yuan as additional subsidies, benefiting 143 million rural and urban non-working residents. The central budget provided 2.5 billion yuan to improve the conditions of welfare institutions and rural nursing homes to satisfy the needs of senior people in difficulties. By the end of 2014 the number of nursing home beds nationwide had reached 26 for every 1,000 senior citizens, and over 88.8 percent of the Chinese over 65 years old had been incorporated into the health management system. One billion yuan from the central special lottery public welfare fund was provided to 33,300 rural nursing homes. Non-governmental organizations of senior citizens received support. By the end of 2014 China had 490,000 community-level associations of senior citizens and nearly 20 million senior volunteers. There were 2,137 legal assistance centers offering timely services for the elderly. In 2014 judicial and administrative agencies handled 113,000 cases of legal assistance for the elderly and provided legal consultations to more than 340,000 senior people. |
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