(一)分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
對(duì)于主句來(lái)說(shuō),分詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常充當(dāng)主句的狀語(yǔ)。用狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)分詞與主句中謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)間關(guān)系確定;分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)要根據(jù)分詞與主句中主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系確定。若分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)時(shí),必須要自帶。自帶的方法為:with/without+名詞/代詞+分詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常被稱為“獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”。分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ),用來(lái)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,或者說(shuō)明整個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的概念。
1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常放在句首。表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí),其作用分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間、條件、原因狀語(yǔ)從名句。表示伴隨方式時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句。如:
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.
吃完晚飯,我們開(kāi)始討論野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets have been sold out), we had to wait for the next week's show.
所有的票都賣(mài)出去了,我們只好等著看下周的演出。
2. 表示獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being常省略。如:
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球賽已結(jié)束,人群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn't enter the hall.
里面沒(méi)有人,我沒(méi)進(jìn)大廳。
3. 表示伴隨方式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)可用“with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換。如:
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).
他雙手放在頭下,躺在那里思考著。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides (=with flowers and grass growing on both sides).
這條河看上去更加漂亮,因?yàn)閮砂堕L(zhǎng)滿了鮮花和綠草。
with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)常用的結(jié)構(gòu),其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以是現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等,在句中可作定語(yǔ),也可作狀語(yǔ),表示原因、方式等。如:
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.
孩子們眼睛睜得大大地看著我們。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.
沒(méi)人叫我,我會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)火車(chē)的。
The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard.
這條兩岸長(zhǎng)滿鮮花和綠草的河正從我們校園穿過(guò)。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考試結(jié)束了,我們有一段長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間可以休息。
4. 有些慣用的分詞短語(yǔ)在句里可以沒(méi)有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)而獨(dú)立存在,它們往往作為句子的獨(dú)立成分來(lái)修飾全句。如:generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking、judging from/by、considering、supposing、providing、provided等。例:
Talking of the computer, I like it very much.
談到電腦,我非常喜歡。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考慮到時(shí)間,我們已經(jīng)決定明天一早出發(fā)。
(來(lái)源:朗閣培訓(xùn)中心)
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