《新疆各民族平等團結發展的歷史見證》白皮書
White Paper: Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development
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調整字號大小: 
| 三、不斷夯實發展基礎 | III. Constantly Strengthening the Foundations of Development |
| 60年來，新疆經濟發展水平不斷提高。經濟快速發展提升了新疆的現代化水平，為自治區各項事業發展以及各族人民生活水平提高奠定了堅實基礎。 | Over the past six decades, Xinjiang's economy has achieved steady and rapid development, which has accelerated the region' s modernization and laid a solid foundation for improved standards of living and progress in various social programs. |
| 綜合實力顯著增強。1955年，新疆地區生產總值12億元，1978年為39億元，到2014年達到9273.46億元，扣除價格因素，比1955年增長115.6倍，年均增長8.3%，比同期全國增速快0.2個百分點。2010－2014年，新疆地區生產總值年均增速11.1%，高于全國同期增速2.5個百分點，增速在全國的位次由2009年的第30位躍升至2014年的第4位，創歷史最好水平。新疆人均生產總值由1955年的241元提高到2014年的40648元，扣除價格因素，比1955年增長23.8倍，年均增長5.6%。1955年新疆財政收入只有1.7億元，2014年達到1282.6億元。2010－2014年，新疆財政收入合計實現4540.8億元。新疆財政支出1955年只有1.8億元，2014年達到3317.8億元。2010－2014年，財政支出合計實現13088.4億元。 | Marked improvement has been observed in Xinjiang' s overall strength. Its gross regional product (GRP) was only RMB1.2 billion in 1955 and RMB3.9 billion in 1978. In 2014, it reached RMB927.3 billion, a 116-fold increase over that of 1955 in real terms, with an annual growth rate of 8.3 percent, or 0.2 percentage point higher than China' s average during the same period. Over the years between 2010 and 2014, the average annual growth rate of Xinjiang's GRP was 11.1 percent, 2.5 percentage points higher than the national average. It ranked the fourth of all the country's province-level divisions - its highest ever placing as compared to the 30th in 2009. Xinjiang's per-capita GRP rose to RMB40,648 in 2014 from RMB241 in 1955, about a 24-fold increase in real terms, and a 5.6-percent annual growth. Xinjiang's fiscal revenues and expenditure, no more than RMB170 million and RMB180 million in 1955, grew to RMB128 billion and RMB332 billion in 2014. Over the period from 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang collected a total of RMB454 billion in fiscal revenues, and spent a total of RMB1,308.8 billion. |
| 城鄉差距逐步縮小。自治區成立之初，新疆只有烏魯木齊、喀什、伊寧、哈密等少數城市，農村處于封閉的自然經濟狀態，城鄉差別很大。經過60年的建設和發展，城鄉居民的生產生活條件得到極大改善。城鎮人口與鄉村人口由1955年的15.1：84.9演變為2014年的46.07：53.93。城鄉居民收入比由2009年的3.2：1縮小至2014年的2.7：1，在西部12省區中城鄉居民收入差距相對較小。隨著新疆新型城鎮化的加快發展，有更多的農民轉變成市民，過上了現代化的城市生活。 | The gap between urban and rural areas has gradually been narrowed. When the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was founded, it had only few cities like Urumqi, Kashi (Kashgar), Yining (Ghulja) and Hami (Kumul). Its rural areas remained a closed natural economy. There was a yawning gap between urban and rural areas. After six decades of construction and development, enormous improvement has been observed in the production and living conditions of both urban and rural residents. The ratio of urban to rural population was 15.1:84.9 in 1955. By 2014, it had changed to 46.07:53.93. The ratio of urban residents' income to that of rural residents decreased from 3.2:1 in 2009 to 2.7:1 in 2014, narrower than that in the 11 other provinces and autonomous regions of western China. As Xinjiang's new model of urbanization develops fast, more and more rural residents are moving to the cities and enjoying a modern city life. |
| 區域經濟協調發展。由于歷史原因和現實條件不同，新疆南疆、北疆發展水平差異較大。改革開放以來，新疆率先發展天山北坡經濟帶，有力地帶動和輻射了自治區經濟的發展。2014年，天山北坡經濟帶創造生產總值6386.9億元，占新疆GDP的68.9%。國家和自治區十分重視少數民族占多數的南疆地區發展，特別是2010年以來，新疆積極推動南疆石油天然氣化工帶建設和大力扶持貧困地區發展，在資金、項目方面予以傾斜，南疆四地州（和田、阿克蘇、喀什、克州）經濟平均增速由2009年的10.5%提高到2014年的11.2%，南疆地區的經濟實力顯著增強，人民生活水平不斷提高。 | The economy of the various areas of Xinjiang is developing in a coordinated way. For historical reasons and due to different conditions, Xinjiang's northern and southern parts, which are divided by the Tianshan Mountains, varied sharply in development. Following the launch of reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang decided to first develop the economic belt along the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Development then extended to other parts and propelled the economic growth of the whole region. In 2014, the gross product of the economic belt reached RMB638.7 billion, accounting for 68.9 percent of Xinjiang's total. The state and the autonomous region have also attached great importance to the development of southern Xinjiang, which is mainly populated by ethnic minorities. Since 2010 in particular, Xinjiang has actively encouraged the development of the southern Xinjiang petroleum, natural gas and chemical industry belt and made strenuous effort to support the development of poverty-stricken areas there by giving them a high priority in funding and projects. The average economic growth rate of the four southern Xinjiang prefectures (Hotan, Aksu and Kashi prefectures, and Kizilsu Kirgiz autonomous prefecture) increased from 10.5 percent in 2009 to 11.2 percent in 2014. A steady growth has been seen in the economic strength of southern Xinjiang, so has a constant improvement in the local people's standards of living. |
| 經濟結構不斷優化。1955年新疆三次產業增加值占地區生產總值的比重為54.4：26.1：19.5，是典型的以傳統農牧業為主體的產業格局，三次產業的就業結構為86.9：6.1：7.0。到2014年，三次產業結構調整為16.6：42.6：40.8，就業結構進一步優化為45.4：16.0：38.6。初步形成以農業為基礎、工業為主導、服務業占重要地位的現代產業結構。1978年后，新疆加快所有制結構調整。發揮公有制主導作用，形成了石油、有色、化工、鋼鐵、煤炭等支柱產業體系，保證國民經濟持續、穩定、協調發展。鼓勵、支持、引導非公有制經濟發展。1978年，新疆個體工商戶僅為4168戶，2014年達到72萬戶。2014年，民間固定資產投資4066.93億元，投資貢獻率達48.2%。非公有制工業經濟增速高于整個工業經濟增速5.4個百分點，對規模以上工業增長的貢獻率為33.8%。 | The economic structure is being steadily optimized. Xinjiang's economy represented a typical pattern featuring traditional agriculture and husbandry as the main component. The ratio of added-value of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors was 54.4:26.1:19.5 in 1955, and the workforce distribution among the three sectors was 86.9:6.1:7.0. By 2014, the two ratios had improved to 16.6:42.6:40.8 and 45.4:16.0:38.6. A modern industrial structure, with the agricultural sector as the base, manufacturing sector as the spearhead, and service sector as an important component, had taken shape in Xinjiang. After 1978, Xinjiang has stepped up the adjustment of its pattern of ownership. It gave full play to the leading role of public ownership, forming a system of state-owned pillar industries such as petroleum, non-ferrous metals, chemical engineering, steel and coal, as the mainstays, thus having guaranteed the sustained, steady and coordinated growth of the national economy. Meanwhile, it has encouraged, supported and guided the development of the non-public sector. The number of individually owned businesses reached 720,000 in 2014, as compared to the mere 4,168 in 1978. In 2014, private investment in fixed assets was around RMB407 billion, contributing 48.2 percent of the total. Non-public industrial enterprises witnessed a growth rate 5.4 percentage points higher than the industrial sector as a whole, and contributed 33.8 percent to the increment of industrial enterprises with an annual sales revenue of RMB20 million or more. |
| 基礎設施日趨完善。2014年，公路通車總里程達17.55萬公里，其中高速公路通車里程達到4316公里，是2009年的5倍，排名從全國第27位躍居第12位；農村公路總里程13.5萬公里，鄉鎮通達率為99.93%，鄉鎮通暢率為98.21%，建制村通達率為98.71%，建制村通暢率為84.88%。鐵路運輸從無到有，不斷發展，2014年鐵路總里程達到5760.2公里。開通烏魯木齊－蘭州高速鐵路，跨入高鐵運營新時代。建成了貫通東西、連接南北疆、銜接內地、溝通歐亞的鐵路運輸干線。1978年，新疆僅有1個民航機場、9條區內航線。2014年，已建成運營16個民航機場，開辟了155條航線，通航總里程16萬多公里，成為中國擁有機場數量最多，開通航線最長的省區。 | The infrastructure has become more and more complete. In 2014, 175,500 km of highways were open to traffic, of which 4,316 km were expressways, five times more than in 2009, and Xinjiang had risen to the 12th place among all province-level administrative divisions in the country from the 27th in 2009. A total of 135,000 km of roads served the traffic in rural areas, linking 99.93 percent of towns and 98.71 percent of administrative villages. Some 98 percent of roads between towns and 85 percent of roads between administrative villages were concrete or asphalt ones that meet national standards and requirements. Rail transport in Xinjiang has developed from scratch. In 2014, the overall length of track reached 5,760 km. The region's first high-speed rail between Urumqi and Lanzhou has opened to traffic. A trunk rail network, stretching from east to west and from north to south, connects Xinjiang with other parts of China and with countries in Asia and Europe. In 1978, Xinjiang had only one civil airport and nine regional air routes. By 2014, it had in operation 16 civil airports, and 115 air routes totaling 160,000 km. Thus, Xinjiang now boasts the most airports and the longest air routes in operation of all China's province-level administrative divisions. |
| 水利建設極大地改善了各族人民的生產生活條件。新疆水庫數量由1949年的3座，總庫容5234萬立方米，發展到2014年的538座，總庫容達到169.08億立方米。2010年以來，新疆先后將農業高效節水工程、“定居興牧”水利工程、農村飲水安全工程確定為重點民生水利工程加快建設。到2014年，示范帶動全疆建成高效節水灌溉面積2770萬畝，建設規模全國領先。改善灌溉面積398.49萬畝，新增人工飼草料地372.08萬畝，年凈增精料和干草303萬噸，為10.6萬戶牧民定居飼草料地建設提供了水源保障。農村建成大小水廠1315座，解決農村飲水不安全人口1125.63萬人，占農村總人口的96%以上，有效遏制了水源污染導致的地方傳染病、多發病的流行。 | Water conservancy projects have led to a great improvement in working and living conditions. Xinjiang had 538 reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 16.908 billion cu m in 2014, as compared to three with a total storage capacity of 52.34 million cu m in 1949. Since 2010, key water conservancy projects bearing on daily life have taken priority in Xinjiang; they included high-efficiency water-saving projects in agriculture, "settlement of herdsmen" water projects, and safe drinking water projects in rural areas. By 2014, high-efficiency water-saving irrigation extended to 27.7 million (1.85 million ha) of farmlands, topping the whole country. Xinjiang had improved irrigation over 3,984,900 (265,660 ha), increased the area of forage land by 3,720,800 (248,053 ha), achieved a net increase of 3.03 million tons in fine forage and hay, and provided water sources for forage lands to safeguard the settlements of 106,000 herding families. Xinjiang's rural areas had a total of 1,315 water works of different sizes, which provided safe drinking water to 11.3 million people, or over 96 percent of the rural population. This has effectively held in check the spread of local infectious and frequently occurring diseases caused by water source pollution. |
| 電力工業發展迅速。2010年以來，“疆電外送”哈密南－鄭州±800千伏首條特高壓直流外送通道投產運行，準東－華東±1100千伏線路配套電源項目全面開工建設。全區電網由110千伏到220千伏聯網并到750千伏高等級電網主網架。2014年，電力裝機容量已達到5464萬千瓦，發電量2091億千瓦時，“疆電外送”175億千瓦時，輸電線路總長65656公里。新能源裝機容量已占全區電力總裝機的20.1%，形成以火電為主，水電、風電、燃氣電站、光伏電站、生物質能電站多種發電形式并存的發電格局。 | The power industry is developing rapidly. The South Hami-Zhengzhou +-800 kv UHVDC Transmission Project, Xinjiang's first UHVDC transmission channel sending electricity out of Xinjiang, was put into operation in 2010, and the building of the supporting power projects of the Zhundong-Huadong +-1100 kv UHVDC Transmission Project has started. Xinjiang's 110 kv and 220 kv grids were connected to the 750 kv higher-grade trunk grid. In 2014, Xinjiang had installed power-generating capacity of 55 million kw, and produced 209 billion kwh of electricity. It sent 17.5 billion kwh to other parts of China through transmission lines totaling 65,656 km. The installed capacity using new energy made up 20 percent of the total. A pattern of power generation with thermal power as the mainstay and other forms of power like hydro power, wind power, gas power, photovoltaic power and biomass power in support, has taken shape. |
| 步入現代信息化社會。通信業從60年前的“駱駝電報，驢馬郵政”逐步進入到現代信息時代。互聯網基本實現全覆蓋。2014年，互聯網寬帶用戶總數達到305.7萬戶，移動電話普及率90.8部/百人，自然村通電話率98%，行政村通寬帶率97%。不斷提升烏魯木齊區域性國際通信業務出入口局地位，疏通境外10余個國家的語音和數據業務，境內疏導國際電話業務的范圍覆蓋全國。 | Xinjiang has become an information society. Six decades ago telegrams and post were mainly carried by animals. Now, its communications industry has entered the modern information era. There is Internet coverage across most of the region. In 2014, broadband user numbers exceeded 3 million, and there were 91 mobile phones per 100 people. Around 98 percent of villages had phone line connections and 97 percent of administrative villages had broadband connections. Xinjiang has invested great efforts in raising the status of Urumqi as a regional inward and outward hub in international telecommunication services. Its voice and data services have cross-border connections with more than ten foreign countries, and are able to connect international call services to the whole of the country. |
| 對外開放扎實推進。1978年后，經國家批準，新疆先后開通了17個一類口岸、12個二類口岸，成功舉辦19屆“烏魯木齊對外經濟貿易洽談會”和4屆“中國－亞歐博覽會”。建立喀什、霍爾果斯兩個國家級經濟開發區、中國－哈薩克斯坦霍爾果斯國際邊境合作中心。目前，全區已有國家級產業集聚區23個，主要貿易伙伴已擴大到186個國家和地區，一個全方位對外開放新格局已經形成。新疆外貿進出口總額由1955年的0.51億美元提高到2014年的276.69億美元，年均增長11.3%。2009－2014年，實際利用外資年均增長12.12%，境外承包工程營業額年均增長26.1%，對外投資年均增長25.1%。 | Solid progress has been made in opening up to the outside world. Since 1978, Xinjiang, with state approval, has created 17 first-class ports and 12 second-class ports, in addition to successfully holding 19 Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fairs and four China-Eurasia Expos. It has set up two national economic development zones in Kashi and Khorgos, and the International Center for Cross-Border Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in Khorgos. Now, there are in Xinjiang 23 state-class industrial clusters. It trades with 186 countries and regions. A new pattern of all-round opening up has taken shape in the region. The value of Xinjiang's combined imports and exports grew from US$51 million in 1955 to almost US$27.7 billion in 2014, averaging an annual growth rate of 11.3 percent. Between 2009 and 2014, applied foreign investment grew at an annual rate of over 12 percent, the volumes of overseas contract business increased by an annual average of 26 percent, and investment outside China went up by an annual average of 25 percent. |
| 科技創新對經濟社會發展的驅動作用顯著增強。自治區成立以來，科技投入、科技隊伍、科技平臺、科技成果穩步增長，逐步建立了具有區域特色的科技創新體系。農業科技進步貢獻率逐年提高，良種覆蓋率超過90%。工業科技和高新技術迅猛發展，鐵路牽引變壓器、太陽能和風力發電裝備研制、少數民族文字信息處理等關鍵核心技術水平位居我國前列。資源環境領域科技取得重大突破，發現了塔里木盆地油氣，塔里木沙漠公路及防護林生態工程建設技術達到國際先進水平。 | The driving force of scientific and technological innovation has remarkably increased in Xinjiang's socio-economic development. Since its founding, Xinjiang has experienced constant increases in its financial input in science and technology, in the size of staff in scientific work, in the variety research platforms and in the number of research achievements, which have gradually led to the establishment of a system of scientific and technological innovation with distinct regional characteristics. The contribution made by scientific and technological progress to the development of agriculture has increased year by year, and improved crop varieties make up over 90 percent of total output. Industrial technology and new and high technology are developing rapidly. Xinjiang leads the country in railway traction transformer technologies, solar and wind power equipment research and manufacturing, and information processing in ethnic minority languages. It has made major technological breakthroughs in the field of resources and environment technology, discovering the petroleum and natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin. The technologies used in the Tarim Desert Highway and Shelter Forest Project meet the highest international advanced standards. |
| 生態文明水平穩步提升。新疆生態環境極其脆弱，環境容量十分有限，綠洲面積僅占國土總面積的5%。60年來，特別是2010年以來，新疆堅持保護優先、生態立區和資源開發可持續、生態環境可持續，加大生態環境保護和建設力度，實現了經濟發展與生態保護同步雙贏。 | Steady progress has been made in environmental protection. The ecological system in Xinjiang is extremely fragile, with very limited environmental capacity. Oases account for only 5 percent of the region's total area. Over the past 60 years, and especially since 2010, Xinjiang has made ecological and environmental protection a top priority, insisting on sustainable development of resources and the eco-environment. It has devoted great efforts to protecting and building its ecological system, carefully balancing the interests of economic growth and environmental protection. |
| 依法保護生態環境。堅持規劃先行，發布實施了《新疆維吾爾自治區主體功能區規劃》，修訂頒布了《新疆維吾爾自治區環境保護條例》《新疆維吾爾自治區煤炭石油天然氣開發環境保護條例》《新疆維吾爾自治區濕地保護條例》《烏魯木齊市大氣污染防治條例》等地方性法規。已建立自治區級以上各類自然保護區31個、風景名勝區18個、森林公園52個、地質公園9個，世界自然遺產地1個、濕地公園16個，濕地保護率達到53.52%，高于全國43.15%的平均水平。 | Xinjiang protects its environment in accordance with the law. It has drawn up detailed plans and regulations first to protect the environment. It enacted the Zoning Program of Major Functional Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and amended or issued a series of local regulations, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection, Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection in the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Regulations of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on Wetland Conservation of the Autonomous Region, and Regulations of Urumqi City on Air Pollution Prevention and Control. It now has 31 natural reserves of various kinds at or above the autonomous region level, 18 scenic spots, 52 forest parks, nine geoparks, one world natural heritage site, and 16 wetland parks. Fifty-four percent of its wetland areas are under protection, higher than the national average of 43 percent. |
| 加大生態環境保護工程建設力度。2010年至今，新疆每年人工造林和封山育林面積250萬畝以上，森林面積和林木蓄積量在全國分別排名第14位和第12位。目前，82個縣市基本實現農田林網化，45個縣市達到國家平原綠化標準，95%的農田得到了林網的有效保護。綠洲森林覆蓋率由14.95%提高到23.5%，退耕還林面積達到325.8萬畝。啟動實施伊犁河谷百萬畝生態經濟林工程、塔里木盆地周邊防沙治沙工程等重點工程。累計治理沙化面積2460萬畝，退牧還草工程建設圍欄4160萬畝。以小流域水土流失治理為載體，累計治理水土流失面積4000多平方公里。實施塔里木河流域綜合治理工程，已完成15次應急輸水，使塔里木河下游重現生機。全區79條重要河流水質優良率由2009年的88.3%提高到2014年的94%；湖庫優良水質比例由43.3%提高到67.8%，遠高于全國平均水平。 | Xinjiang has intensified efforts in ecological and environmental protection programs. Since 2010, Xinjiang has planted or protected over 2,500,000 (166,667 ha) of forests by restricting access to mountain areas. Its total forest area and forest stock rank 14th and 12th in China. Now, belts of shelter-forests built to protect farmlands in all of Xinjiang's 82 counties and county-level cities have merged to form a network, 45 counties and county-level cities have reached the national standards in plains afforestation, and 95 percent of farmlands are effectively protected by the shelter-forests. The forest coverage in oases has risen from 15 percent to 23.5 percent, and a total of 3,258,000 (217,200 ha) of farmland has been returned to forest. Major projects for ecological protection have been launched, such as the Million Ecological Economic Forest Project in Ili Valley and the Project for Prevention and Control of Desertification around Tarim Basin, restoring a total of 24.6 million (1.64 million ha) of degraded lands and enclosing 51.6 million (3.4 million ha) of grassland to prevent grazing. It has curbed water and soil erosion over more than 4,000 sq km of small river valleys. The Comprehensive Reclamation Project of Tarim River Valley has provided emergency water supplies to its lower reaches on 15 occasions, gradually restoring prosperity there. In 2014, water quality was good in 94 percent of major rivers and 67.8 percent of lakes and reservoirs, as compared to 88.3 percent and 43.3 percent in 2009. This is much higher than the national average level. |
| 加強環境污染治理。開展了烏魯木齊、奎屯－獨山子－烏蘇等區域大氣污染治理和聯防聯控。首府烏魯木齊市空氣質量顯著改善，2014年優良天數達到310天，創下近20年來最好成績。實施了博斯騰湖、賽里木湖、烏倫古湖、喀納斯湖等水質較好湖泊生態環境保護試點。完成367個城鄉集中式飲用水源地保護和1836個村莊環境綜合整治，切實保障了人民群眾飲水安全和農村人居環境改善。開展生態文明示范創建工作，已建成國家環保模范城市2個，國家級生態區、生態鄉鎮、生態村共43個，自治區級生態區、生態鄉鎮、生態村共1057個。 | Xinjiang has put in a lot of work to tackle pollution. Joint prevention and control of air pollution has been carried out in areas like Urumqi and Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu. There has been a considerable improvement in the air quality of the regional capital, Urumqi. During 2014, the city had 310 days with good air quality, the best ever for 20 years. Xinjiang has piloted environmental protection in some lakes with good water quality, such as Bosten Lake, Sayram Lake, Ulungur Lake and Kanas Lake. In order to safeguard drinking water, it has made great efforts to protect 367 centralized drinking-water source areas, and comprehensively improved the habitat of 1,836 villages. Xinjiang encourages ecological progress through examples. It has built up two national model cities for environmental protection, 43 national-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages, and 1,057 autonomous region-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages. |
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