《西藏的發展與進步》白皮書
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet

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六、環境保護與生態文明建設	VI. Environmental Protection and Ecological Improvement
西藏是中國重要的生態安全屏障。多年來，中央政府和西藏自治區政府堅持科學發展，統籌經濟社會發展與環境保護，把環境保護與生態建設作為現代化建設的一項重要內容，大力提倡生態文明，建設美麗西藏。目前，西藏是世界上環境質量最好的地區之一，大部分區域仍處于原生狀態。	Tibet serves as an important ecological safety barrier in China. Over the past few decades the central and regional governments have upheld scientific development, struck a balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection, and given priority to ecological conservation and environmental protection in China's modernization drive. Vigorous efforts are being made to promote local ecological progress and build a beautiful Tibet. Being one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world, most parts of the region have maintained their original natural states.
西藏高原的環境與生態受自然氣候變化影響	Ecological environment of the Tibet Plateau influenced by climate change
科學研究表明，過去100年，全球氣候進入變暖期。由于西藏高原的特殊海拔高度，其所經歷的氣候變暖過程比周圍地區更為強烈。1961年至2007年，西藏高原的平均增溫幅度每10年超過了0.3℃，是全球平均增溫幅度的2倍。隨著氣候變暖，冰川呈現加速退縮趨勢，過去30年來整個青藏高原冰川面積年均減少約131平方公里；高原多年凍土呈現區域性退化，表現為季節凍結深度減小，融化深度增大。	Scientific research findings show that the earth has entered a warming period over the past century. Due to its unique altitude, the Tibet Plateau has been influenced more strongly than surrounding areas by global warming. From 1961 to 2007 the Tibet Plateau registered an average temperature increase of over 0.3 degrees C every ten years, doubling the global average. Global warming has accelerated the retreat of glaciers. Over the past 30 years, the area of glaciers has decreased by 131 sq km annually on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the permafrost has experienced patches of degradation, manifested by reduction of the seasonal frozen depth and rising thaw depth.
在氣候變暖影響下，西藏高原生態系統發生了顯著的變化。自20世紀80年代至今，西藏高原植被的返青期提前、枯黃期推遲，生長季平均延長約10天。植被蓋度呈總體微弱上升態勢，凈初級生產力增加了約11％。由于凈初級生產力的顯著增加，高寒生態系統碳匯呈增加態勢。1980年至2002年，西藏高寒生態系統形成平均每年2300萬噸的凈碳匯，約占中國陸地植被碳匯增加量的13％，其中高寒草地生態系統形成平均每年1760萬噸的碳匯，西藏高原植被生態系統已成為中國重要碳匯地區之一。目前，西藏植被總體變好，但存在區域差異。在降水減少的南部地區生態系統退化，在降水增加的北部地區生態系統改善。隨著國家大型生態工程及其生態補償政策的實施，人類活動強烈影響區的生態退化得到了有效遏制，高原生態安全屏障功能也得到了進一步增強。	In the wake of global warming, remarkable changes have taken place in the ecosystem of the Tibet Plateau. Since the 1980s the vegetation has witnessed early greening, late withering and an average increase of ten days in the growing season. The vegetation coverage has been slightly raised overall, and the NPP (net primary productivity) has grown by around 11 percent. The NPP's remarkable growth has led to an increasing carbon sink in the alpine ecosystem. From 1980 to 2002 Tibet's alpine ecosystem created an average annual net carbon sink of 23 million tons, accounting for 13 percent of the total increased carbon sinks of all the earth's vegetation in China, of which 17.6 million tons was produced by alpine grassland ecosystems every year. The vegetation ecosystem of the Tibet Plateau acts as one of China's important areas for carbon sinks. At present, Tibet's vegetation is improving as a whole. However, there are differences between different regions. The ecosystem is degrading in the southern areas with reduced rainfall, while it is improving in the northern areas with increased rainfall. Following the implementation of large national ecological projects and eco-compensation policies, Tibet has effectively curbed ecological degradation in areas intensely influenced by human activities, and further enhanced its function as an ecological safety barrier.
加強生態環境保護與建設的立法和規劃	Strengthening legislation and planning for ecological conservation and environmental protection
多年來，在國家的環境保護和生態文明建設總體框架內，西藏始終處于重要位置。國務院在1998年和2000年制定的《全國生態環境建設規劃》和《全國生態環境保護綱要》中，將青藏高原凍融區作為全國八大生態建設區之一，進行專門規劃，提出明確的建設任務和建設原則。2010年，國務院發布的《全國主體功能區規劃》中，25個國家重點生態功能區有2個位于西藏，分別為“藏東南高原邊緣森林生態功能區”和“藏西北羌塘高原荒漠生態功能區”，面積分別為97750平方公里和494381平方公里，總面積接近西藏的二分之一。2009年，國務院通過《西藏生態安全屏障保護與建設規劃（2008－2030年）》，爭取到2030年基本建成西藏生態安全屏障，生態安全保障作用得到充分發揮。西藏自治區編制實施了《生態環境建設規劃》、《水土保持規劃》、《農牧區環境綜合整治規劃》、《城鎮飲用水水源地環境保護規劃》、《重金屬污染綜合防治“十二五”規劃》、《“一江四河”流域污染防治規劃》、《生態功能區劃》等一系列生態環境保護與建設規劃，對西藏的生態環境保護與建設進行全面規劃和部署。同時，還開展了生態環境現狀調查、生態功能區劃、土壤污染狀況調查、生態補償研究、自然保護區基礎調查、生態環境十年變化（2000－2010年）遙感調查與評估等生態環境保護基礎性工作，為環境保護與生態文明建設工作的開展提供科學依據。	Over the past few decades Tibet has remained the focus within the country's general framework of environmental protection and ecological conservation. In the National Plan for Eco-environmental Improvement and the National Program for Eco-environmental Protection formulated by the State Council in 1998 and 2000, respectively, a separate plan has been drawn up to make the freeze-thawing zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau one of the country's eight major areas for ecological improvement, complete with a number of explicit tasks and principles for work in this regard. According to the National Plan for Major Function-oriented Zones issued by the State Council in 2010, two of the 25 national key eco-function zones are located in Tibet, i.e., "forest zone on the edge of the plateau in southeast Tibet" and "desert zone on the Changtang Plateau in northwest Tibet." Covering areas of 97,750 sq km and 494,381 sq km, respectively, they account for nearly half of Tibet' s total area. In 2009 the State Council approved the Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Construction in Tibet (2008-2030), aiming to basically complete the building of an ecology safety barrier by 2030 and give full play to its function. The Tibet Autonomous Region has drawn up and implemented a series of plans covering eco-environmental protection and construction, including the Eco-environmental Improvement Plan, Plan for Conservation of Water and Topsoil, Comprehensive Improvement Plan for the Environment in Farming and Pastoral Areas, Plan for Environmental Protection of Drinking Water Sources in Urban Areas, 12th Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Plan for Pollution Control on the Upper Reaches of the "Five Rivers" (the Yarlung Zangbo, Lhasa, Nyangqu, Nyakchu and Nyang rivers), and Ecological Function Zoning. Meanwhile, Tibet is actively carrying out fundamental work in this field, including investigation of the status quo of the ecological environment, ecological function zoning, soil pollution investigation, ecological compensation research, basic survey of nature reserves, and investigation by remote sensing of eco-environmental changes during the period 2000-2010 and relevant evaluation, so as to provide a scientific basis for environmental protection and ecological conservation.
西藏的環境保護與生態文明建設事業在法制化的軌道上不斷發展，形成了比較系統的地方性環境保護法規體系。西藏自治區人民代表大會、自治區人民政府及政府有關部門頒布實施了《西藏自治區環境保護條例》、《西藏自治區實施〈中華人民共和國草原法〉細則》、《西藏自治區實施〈中華人民共和國野生動物保護法〉辦法》以及《西藏自治區人民政府實施〈國務院關于落實科學發展觀加強環境保護的決定〉的意見》等一系列關于環境保護和生態文明建設方面的地方性法規、規章以及規范性文件。	Tibet's work in the field of ecological improvement and environmental protection is progressing steadily and in a law-governed manner. A relatively comprehensive legal system ensuring environmental protection has taken shape. The people's congress and people's government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have promulgated relevant local laws, regulations and administrative decrees, including the Regulations for Environmental Protection in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Rules for the Implementation in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Grassland Law of the People's Republic of China, Measures for the Implementation in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife, and Opinions of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Implementation of the Decision of the State Council on Implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection.
生態文明建設成效明顯	Remarkable progress in ecological improvement
生物多樣性與重要生態區得到有效保護。西藏共建立各類自然保護區47個，其中，國家級9個、自治區級14個、地縣級24個。保護區面積達到41.37萬平方公里，占全區國土面積的33.9％，居全國之首。西藏125種國家重點保護野生動物、39種國家重點保護野生植物在已建的自然保護區中得到了較好的保護。比如，國際動物研究界認為早已滅絕的西藏馬鹿，20世紀90年代被重新發現，種群還在不斷擴大。藏羚羊種群數逐年增加，目前已達15萬只左右。黑頸鶴數量為7000只左右。西藏建立了22個生態功能保護區(國家級1個)、8個國家森林公園、3個國家濕地公園、4個地質公園(國家級2個)、3個國家級風景名勝區。美國前總統卡特在為《走進西藏：生物多樣性與保護事業》一書所寫的序言中這樣評價西藏的環境保護事業：“在過去的20年中，世界上還有哪個地方可以將40％的面積劃出用于自然保護?要扭轉一個瀕危物種不斷減少的數量又談何容易?然而勤勞的西藏人做到了。”	Tibet has effectively protected its biodiversity and significant eco-function zones. A total of 47 nature reserves at various levels have been established in Tibet, including nine national-level ones, 14 at the autonomous region level and 24 at the prefecture or county level. Nature reserves cover a total area of 413,700 sq km, accounting for 33.9 percent of the total land area of the region and leading all the other areas of China. All the region's 125 types of wild animals and 39 wild plants under state key protection are well preserved in the established nature reserves. For instance, red deer, generally considered by the international animal research community to have been extinct, was discovered again in Tibet in the 1990s, and their numbers are increasing. The number of Tibetan antelopes is growing year by year to reach 150,000 so far. There are about 7,000 black-necked cranes in the region. Tibet is home to 22 ecological conservation areas (one at national level), eight national forest parks, three national wetland parks, four geological parks (two at national level), and three national scenic areas. In the preface written by Jimmy Carter, former president of the United States, to the book Across the Tibetan Plateau: Ecosystems, Wildlife, and Conservation, he appraised the biological diversity protection work of Tibet, saying it was not easy to increase the population of an endangered species but the industrious Tibetan people did it.
林業和草原生態建設成效顯著。嚴格控制森林的采伐規模。江達、貢覺、芒康3縣實施總面積達3.1萬平方公里的天然林保護工程，全面停止了天然林商品性采伐。實施全區重點區域生態公益林建設工程，建立了曲水、扎囊、日喀則、獅泉河等治沙試驗示范區。在風沙危害和水土流失嚴重的金沙江、瀾滄江、怒江上游及雅魯藏布江流域的28個縣實施退耕還林工程，全區已完成造林面積8.37萬公頃，封山育林面積33.87萬公頃，退耕還林以每年1.92萬公頃的速度遞增。西藏森林覆蓋率已上升到目前的11.91％。合理利用和保護草原，確保草原生態良性發展。對天然草地開展圍欄和水利建設，實施草場承包經營責任制。按照以草定畜的原則，劃定輪牧期和禁牧區，建設人工草地，改良退化草地，實施退牧還草工程。截至2012年底，西藏有天然草地面積8511萬公頃，其中，可利用天然草地面積6910萬公頃。開展公益林補償和草原生態保護獎勵機制試點工作。	Forest and grassland ecological protection in the autonomous region has been crowned with signal success. Tibet strictly controls the scale of tree-felling. A project for the protection of natural forest resources, with a total area of 31,000 sq km, has been implemented in the three counties of Jomda, Gonjo and Markam, putting an end to the felling of natural forest resources for commercial purposes in these areas. In addition, Tibet has carried out a project for the planting of non-commercial forests in key areas, and set up demonstration zones of desertification control in Chushur and Chanang counties, Shigatse Prefecture and Shiquanhe Town. In 28 counties along the upper reaches of the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang rivers and the drainage area of the Yarlung Zangbo River, where the hazards of sandstorms and soil erosion are serious, a project to reforest cultivated land is being undertaken, in the course of which the afforested area has topped 83,700 ha, 338,700 ha of mountainous areas have been sealed off to facilitate afforestation, and every year an additional 19,200 ha of cultivated land is restored to forests. The forest coverage rate has now risen to 11.91 percent. Tibet rationally utilizes and protects grassland to ensure the sound development of the grassland ecology. Emphasis has been placed on fencing and building water-conservancy projects on natural grassland, and a pasture-responsibility system has been implemented. In line with the principle of limiting the number of grazing animals by the size of the pasture, rotation grazing periods and no-grazing areas have been designated. Energetic efforts have been made to promote man-made grassland, improve deteriorated pastureland and prohibit the grazing of animals in some areas so that the grassland can be restored. By the end of 2012 there was 85.11 million ha of natural grassland in total, of which 69.1 million ha was available for grazing. Tibet has initiated a compensation scheme for non-commercial forests and a rewarding mechanism for the protection of grassland.
水土保持與地質災害防治不斷加強。開展了水土保持監測網絡建設。近年來，先后實施聶拉木縣樟木鎮滑坡治理、瓊結縣縣城滑坡泥石流治理、林芝地區八一電廠二級電站后山滑坡泥石流災害治理、拉薩市流沙河泥石流治理等地質災害治理工程。	Tibet has also intensified its efforts in the areas of water and soil conservation, and prevention of geological disasters. It has launched the construction of a water- and soil-conservation monitoring network. In recent years, projects have been carried out to prevent disasters caused by landslides in Zham Town, Nyalam County, landslides and mud-rock flows in the county seat of Chongye, landslides threatening the Grade II power station of the Bayi Power Plant in Nyingchi Prefecture, and mud-rock flows into the Liusha River in Lhasa.
農村環境保護和生態創建工作進展順利。從2010年開始在全區7地(市)、74縣(市、區)的4761個行政村開展人居環境建設和農村環境綜合整治工作。截至2012年底，已經安排2500個村實施了農村人居環境建設和環境綜合整治試點項目。通過推廣利用清潔能源，減少了天然植被的樵采，有效保護了農牧區的生態環境。實施了沼氣、太陽能及小型風力發電等農村能源建設項目。完成21萬戶沼氣池建設，推廣太陽灶39.5萬臺，推廣太陽能戶用系統1萬余套，太陽能集中供暖面積達到1萬平方米。風光互補發電總裝機容量達到220千瓦。	Environmental protection and ecological improvement work is progressing smoothly in the rural areas of the autonomous region. Since 2010 work covering improvement of the people's living environment and the ecological environment has been carried out at 4,761 administrative villages in seven prefectures (prefecture-level cities) and 74 counties (county-level cities and districts) in Tibet. By the end of 2012, pilot programs in this regard had been launched in 2,500 villages. Besides, Tibet actively popularizes the use of clean energy to reduce the destruction of natural vegetation and effectively protect the ecological environment in farming and pastoral areas. It conducts energy projects to promote the use of methane gas and solar energy, and small-scale wind power generation in rural areas. Methane-generating pits have been built in 210,000 households, and 395,000 solar cookers have been put into use. Over 10,000 sets of panels for solar photovoltaic systems have been installed in dwelling houses, and a solar heating central system now covers a total area of 10,000 sq m. The total installed capacity of wind-PV complementary power generation has reached 220 kw.
城鎮飲用水安全保障工作扎實推進。完成了全區城鎮飲用水水源地環境現狀調查，建立飲用水水源地基礎信息檔案，設立飲用水水源地環境保護專項資金，實施水源地環境保護工程。	Steady efforts have been made to ensure the safety of drinking water in urban areas. Tibet has finished an investigation on drinking water sources for urban residents, and built a database on drinking water sources. It has set up a special fund for the protection of drinking water sources, and carried out a project to protect the environment of water sources.
全面開展生態西藏創建。西藏自治區政府提出了構建西藏生態安全屏障、建設生態西藏、美麗西藏的目標。拉薩市開展了國家環境保護模范城市創建工作，林芝地區開展了生態林芝建設，山南、那曲地區分別提出了建設“生態美好模范區”和“生態草原地區”的構想。拉薩、那曲、林芝、山南等四個地(市)先后在97個鄉鎮和221個行政村開展了自治區級生態鄉鎮和生態村創建工作。截至2012年底，已命名22個自治區級生態村。	Ecological improvement work is progressing in an all-round way in Tibet. The regional government has set the goals of constructing an ecology safety barrier, preserving the eco-environment, and building a beautiful Tibet. Lhasa is working hard to turn itself into a national model city in environmental protection, while Nyingchi Prefecture is making efforts to improve its ecological environment. The prefectures of Shannan and Nagqu have put forward plans for building an "ecological model area" and "eco-friendly grassland," respectively. Meanwhile, 97 towns and 221 administrative villages in Lhasa and the prefectures of Nagqu, Nyingchi and Shannan are engaged in building ecological towns and villages. By the end of 2012 there were 22 ecological villages at the autonomous region level.
西藏是當今世界最為清潔的區域之一	Tibet is one of the cleanest areas in the world.
當前，西藏高原是除南極和北極之外，地球上最潔凈的環境本底區，大氣環境干凈透明，各類污染物質的含量與北極地區相當，污染物種類較少，濃度較低。西藏大氣重金屬元素含量接近于全球大氣元素濃度的背景值，拉薩大氣重金屬含量也遠低于人口聚集區和工業化地區。西藏非城市地區大氣中PM2.5的年平均質量濃度為10微克／立方米，拉薩市大氣中PM2.5的年平均質量濃度為14.58微克／立方米，遠小于中國《環境空氣質量標準》中35微克／立方米的規定，較人類活動密集區低十幾倍。西藏全區主要江河湖泊水質狀況保持良好，達到了我國規定的水體環境質量標準(GB3838-2002)，其重金屬含量處于世界河流－湖泊生態系統的背景水平，沒有受到人類活動的污染。西藏土壤中重金屬含量繼承了其成土母質的特點，1979年到2009年的30年間土壤重金屬含量沒有發生明顯的改變。	At present, the Tibet Plateau is the third-cleanest area in the world in terms of its environment, after the South and North poles. It has a clean and transparent atmospheric environment, and similar contents of pollutants to the North Pole. Tibet has few types and low concentrations of pollutants, compared to other places. Its atmospheric content of heavy metals is close to the background value of such elements in the global atmosphere. In addition, the atmospheric content of heavy metals in Lhasa is much lower than that in densely populated areas and industrialized regions. The average annual mass concentration of PM2.5 is 10micrograms/m3 in the non-metropolitan areas of Tibet, and 14.58 micrograms/m3 in Lhasa, much lower than 35micrograms/m3, the standard set by the country' s Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS), and less than one-tenth of those of the areas with intensive human activities. The major rivers and lakes in Tibet maintain fine water quality, meeting the national standard specified in the Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838-2002). The concentration of heavy metals is near the background level of global rivers and lakes ecosystem, indicating that they have not been polluted by human activities. The content of heavy metals in Tibet' s soil inherits the parent material, with no marked change during the 30 years from 1979 to 2009.
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