《西藏的發展與進步》白皮書
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet

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三、政治進步與人民當家作主	III. Political Progress -- the People Are the Masters of Their Own Fate
經過民主改革和實行民族區域自治，西藏徹底擺脫了政教合一的封建農奴制度，建立起人民代表大會制度和民族區域自治制度，西藏各族人民真正成為國家、社會和自己命運的主人。隨著中國社會主義民主政治的發展和完善，西藏的民主制度不斷健全，民主形式日益豐富，有序政治參與渠道不斷擴大。	Democratic reform and regional ethnic autonomy lifted Tibet out of the old state of feudal serfdom under theocracy and put in place the systems of people's congress and regional ethnic autonomy, under which people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have become the true masters of the country, society and their own fate. With the development and improvement of socialist democracy around the country, Tibet has seen its democratic system growing sounder, forms of democracy becoming more diversified, and channels for orderly political participation being expanded.
確立了人民代表大會制度	Establishing the system of people's congresses
人民代表大會制度是中國人民當家作主的根本政治制度。在中國，人民通過全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會行使國家權力。1965年9月，西藏自治區第一屆人民代表大會第一次會議在拉薩召開，人民代表大會制度從此在西藏正式確立。在西藏，自治區行政機關、審判機關、檢察機關都由自治區人民代表大會產生，對它負責，受它監督。自治區重大事項由區人民代表大會決定。自治區行政機關負責執行區人民代表大會通過的法規、條例、決議、決定。通過各級人大代表，西藏各族人民行使管理國家事務和地區事務的權利。在今天的西藏，凡年滿18周歲的公民，不分性別、職業、家庭出身、民族、宗教信仰、受教育程度、財產狀況和居住期限，都依法享有選舉權和被選舉權。西藏各族人民直接選舉縣(區)、鄉(鎮)人民代表大會的代表，這些代表又選舉出自治區人民代表大會和出席全國人大會議的代表。西藏的門巴、珞巴等人口較少民族在全國人大及西藏各級人大中均有自己的代表。在自治區、地(市)、縣(區)、鄉(鎮)四級人大換屆選舉中，參選率不斷提高。在2012年四級人大換屆選舉中，參選率達94％以上。	The system of people's congress is a fundamental political system of China that ensures the people's right to be the masters of the country. Under this system the Chinese people exercise state power through the National People's Congress (NPC) and local people's congresses at different levels. In September 1965 the First Session of the First People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region was held in Lhasa, marking the formal establishment of this system in Tibet. Tibet's administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs are all created by the regional people's congress to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. Major regional affairs are decided by the regional people's congress. Tibet's administrative organs carry out the laws, regulations, rules, resolutions and decisions adopted by the regional people's congress. Through deputies to the people's congress at different levels, people in Tibet exercise their right to manage state and regional affairs. All Chinese citizens living in Tibet who are 18 years old or above, regardless of gender, occupation, family background, ethnicity, religious belief, educational background, financial conditions or length of residence in this region, enjoy the right to vote and the right to be elected. People of all ethnic groups in Tibet directly elect deputies to the people's congresses at the county (district) and township (town) levels, and these deputies then elect deputies to the regional people's congress and to the NPC. The Moinba and Lhoba ethnic groups, despite their small populations, both have their representatives at the NPC and local people's congresses at all levels in Tibet. During elections at the regional, prefecture (city), county (district) and village (town) levels, the voter turnout rate has grown steadily over the years. In the 2012 elections at these four levels the voter turnout rate exceeded 94 percent.
藏族和其他少數民族的人大代表始終在全區各級人大代表中占有絕對多數。2012年經過直接和間接選舉產生的34244名四級人大代表中，藏族和其他少數民族代表31901名，占93％以上，門巴族、珞巴族、納西族、回族、壯族等均有自己的代表。目前，在全國人大代表中，西藏自治區有20名代表，其中12名為藏族公民，門巴族、珞巴族公民各1名。自治區十屆人大常委會組成人員44名，其中藏族和其他少數民族25名，常委會主任、副主任14名，其中藏族和其他少數民族8名。婦女的社會地位明顯提高。西藏自治區人民代表大會中的婦女代表占代表總數的25.4％，各級政府公務員中婦女占34.49％。	Deputies of Tibetan and other ethnic minorities make up the overwhelming majority in the local people's congresses at all levels. In 2012, among the 34,244 deputies elected directly and indirectly at these four levels, 31,901 were from the Tibetan, Moinba, Lhoba, Naxi, Hui, Zhuang and other ethnic minorities, accounting for more than 93 percent. Among the present NPC deputies, 20 are from the Tibet Autonomous Region, of whom 12 are from the Tibetan ethnic group, one each from the Moinba and Lhoba ethnic groups. Among the 44 members of the standing committee of the tenth regional people's congress, 25 are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities; among the 14 chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of the standing committee, eight are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities. Women have also seen their social status raised markedly. Female deputies make up 25.4 percent of the total to the Tibet regional people's congress, while women make up 34.49 percent of all civil servants in governments at all levels.
建立了政治協商制度	Establishing the political consultation system
多黨合作和政治協商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。社會主義協商民主是中國人民民主的重要形式。1959年12月20日，中國人民政治協商會議第一屆西藏委員會第一次會議在拉薩召開，宣告政協西藏委員會成立。從此，中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度在西藏確立，為西藏各階層、各界人士都能在政治生活中充分表達意見和發揮作用提供了保障。西藏自治區黨委和政府通過人民政協就經濟社會發展中的重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題廣泛協商，廣集民智，把政治協商納入決策程序。西藏自治區政協廣泛吸收西藏各界、各族人士參加，注重和體現委員人選的廣泛性和代表性。各級政協委員廣泛團結各人民團體和各族各界人士，認真履行政治協商、民主監督、參政議政職能，深入調查研究、建言獻策，是推進西藏建設的重要力量，為促進西藏經濟發展和社會進步作出了重大貢獻。目前，西藏共有全國政協委員29名，其中藏族和其他少數民族26名。2008年至2012年，中國人民政治協商會議第十屆西藏自治區委員會共收到提案1507件，并已全部辦復。	The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation is a basic political system of China, and socialist consultative democracy is an important form of people's democracy in China. On December 20, 1959 the First Session of the First Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was held in Lhasa, marking the creation of this Committee. It also marked the establishment in Tibet of the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), a system that ensures that all the people in Tibet, from all strata and all circles, can fully voice their opinions and play their roles in political life. The CPC Committee and People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have incorporated political consultation into their decision-making procedure, conducting extensive consultation to solicit the local people's opinions on major issues in social and economic development and concrete problems concerning the people's interests. The CPPCC Tibet committee members come from all circles and all ethnic groups, and are elected on an extensive basis to represent their respective circles or ethnic groups. Uniting all people's societies and people from all ethnic groups and all circles, they diligently perform their duties in political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and make suggestions based on in-depth investigations or research; as an important driving force for Tibet, they are making great contributions to economic development and social progress in the autonomous region. At present, Tibet has 29 members on the CPPCC National Committee, including 26 from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities. From 2008 to 2012 the Tenth Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the CPPCC received 1,507 proposals and has replied to them all.
實行了民族區域自治制度	Implementing the system of regional ethnic autonomy
在少數民族聚居地方實行民族區域自治，是中國的一項基本政治制度，也是中國解決國內民族問題的基本政策。西藏各族人民除了享有憲法和法律規定的普遍性的政治權利，還享有民族區域自治的特殊性的政治權利。按照《中華人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國民族區域自治法》的規定，西藏自治區享有廣泛的自治權利，包括立法權、對國家有關法律的變通執行權、使用民族語言文字的權利、人事管理權、財政管理權和自主發展文化教育權等。	To carry out regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities is a basic political system of China, and also a basic policy to handle problems concerning ethnic minorities in China. All ethnic groups in Tibet enjoy all the political rights prescribed in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and other laws. In addition, they enjoy political rights specially drawn up for ethnic autonomous regions. According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, the Tibet Autonomous Region enjoys extensive rights of autonomy, including legislative power, flexible enforcement of relevant state laws, right to use the spoken and written languages of the ethnic minorities, right of personnel management, right of fiscal management, and right to independently develop culture and education.
西藏自治區自1965年成立以來，自治區人民代表大會及其常委會先后制定了290多部地方性法規和具有法規性質的決議、決定，對多項全國性法律制定了適合西藏特點的實施辦法。例如，西藏自治區分別于1981年和2004年制定變通條例，將《中華人民共和國婚姻法》規定的男女法定婚齡分別降低兩歲，并規定對執行變通條例之前已經形成的一妻多夫和一夫多妻婚姻關系，凡不主動提出解除婚姻關系者，準予維持。再如，在執行全國性法定假日的基礎上，西藏自治區還將“藏歷新年”、“雪頓節”等西藏傳統節日列入自治區的節假日。在全區干部隊伍中，藏族及其他少數民族占70.53％，其中縣鄉兩級領導班子中，藏族和其他少數民族占73.03％。西藏自治區成立以來，歷屆人民代表大會常務委員會主任和人民政府主席由藏族公民擔任。民族區域自治制度在西藏的貫徹實施，使西藏各族人民的政治、經濟、社會、文化等各項權利得到可靠的保障。	Since the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up in 1965, the regional people's congress and its standing committee have made over 290 local laws and regulations, or resolutions and decisions of a legislative nature, and formulated measures for the flexible implementation of some state laws in Tibet in order to suit local conditions. For example, Tibet made alternative regulations in 1981 and 2004, in which the legally marriageable ages for men and women were both reduced by two years from what was prescribed in the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, and polyandrous and polygynous relations that had existed before the regulations took effect would be allowed to continue if no one involved proposes dissolution of the marriage. Another example is that in addition to the national holidays, Tibet has other public holidays, mostly traditional Tibetan festivals such as the Tibetan New Year and Shoton Festival. In the contingent of local officials, 70.53 percent are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities, and among county and township leaders, 73.03 percent are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities. Since the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up, all the chairpersons of the standing committee of the regional people's congress and of the regional people's government have been elected from the Tibetan ethnic group. The system of regional ethnic autonomy ensures that political, economic, social and cultural rights of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet are effectively protected.
擴大了城鄉基層民主	Expanding community-level democracy in both urban and rural Tibet
在中國，基層民主是人民當家作主的一種有效形式，是擴大公民政治參與的重要途徑。經過多年探索，西藏逐步發展形成了具有中國特色、西藏特點的農牧區基層民主制度。在西藏，村民自治制度與民族區域自治制度相結合，推動了基層民主建設制度化、規范化，保障了基層群眾參政議政的權利，調動了基層群眾政治參與的積極性。1959年7月5日，山南地區克松村的443位農民成立了西藏第一個農民協會，標志著西藏基層民主建設的開端。1993年，頒布《西藏自治區實施〈中華人民共和國村民委員會組織法(試行)〉辦法》，全區村委會選舉步入規范化軌道。目前，西藏95％以上的村建立了村民代表會議制度，并不斷健全以村規民約、村民自治章程為主體的民主管理制度和以村務公開為主要內容的民主監督制度。村務公開、民主管理實現全覆蓋，全區90％以上的村設立公開欄，保障群眾的知情權、參與權、決策權、監督權。在西藏第七屆村(居)委會換屆中，有168.68萬人進行選民登記，直接參加選舉的選民有149.52萬人，參選民眾踴躍投票，參選率達到88.7％，共選出村(居)委會成員26335人。城市基層民主政治不斷完善。西藏192個城市社區全部建立了社區居民代表大會、社區居委會等社區組織，社區居民自治有充分的組織保證。	In China community-level democracy is an effective way of ensuring that the people are masters of their own country, and an important way of expanding the political participation of China's citizens. After years of exploration, Tibet has put in place a system of community-level democracy covering both farming and pastoral areas with Chinese and Tibetan characteristics. In Tibet, the villagers' self-governance system and the system of regional ethnic autonomy have helped institutionalize and regulate community-level democracy, guaranteed the people's rights to participate in and discuss state and regional affairs, and aroused their enthusiasm for political participation. On July 5, 1959 a total of 443 peasants of Khesum Village in the Shannan region founded the first association of peasants in Tibet, starting the building of community-level democracy in Tibet. In 1993 Tibet published the Measures for the Tibetan Autonomous Region's Implementation of the Law of Organizing the Villagers' Committees of the People's Republic of China (For Trial Implementation), ensuring that the election of villagers' committees around the region is conducted according to due procedures. Currently, over 95 percent of the villages in Tibet have established the system of villagers' representative meetings. A democratic management system mainly consisting of village regulations, code of conduct for villagers and self-governance rules, as well as a democratic supervision system that requires village affairs be made known to all villagers are being improved. All villages now make village affairs public and exercise democratic management; and over 90 percent of the villages in Tibet have set up billboards, ensuring the ordinary people's rights to be informed, to participate, to decide and to supervise. During the seventh general election of village (community) committees of Tibet, 1,686,800 people registered, and 1,495,000 voted, making a turnout rate of 88.7 percent; and 26,335 were elected to village or community committees. Community-level democracy has been improving. Tibet's 192 urban communities have all set up community residents' congresses and community committees, providing a solid organizational guarantee for the self-governance of local residents.
新型民族關系得到確立和鞏固	Establishing and cementing a new ethnic relationship
西藏自治區以藏族為主體，有藏族、漢族、回族、門巴族、珞巴族、納西族以及夏爾巴人、僜人等40多個民族。在漫長的歷史長河中，西藏各民族共同開發了西藏高原，共同締造了西藏歷史，成為中華民族歷史的重要組成部分。中華人民共和國成立后，確立并實施以民族平等、民族團結、民族區域自治和各民族共同繁榮為基本內容的民族政策。和平解放60多年來，國家的民族政策在西藏全面貫徹落實，既消除了導致民族不平等的政治、經濟和社會等方面的因素，也消除了西藏地方的階級差別和人身依附關系，各民族間建立起平等、團結、互助、和諧的社會主義新型民族關系。	In the Tibet Autonomous Region there are over 40 ethnic groups, including those of the Tibetan, Han, Hui, Moinba, Lhoba, Naxi, Sherpa and Deng, with the Tibetan group making up the majority of the population. During the long history of Tibet, these peoples jointly developed the Tibetan Plateau and created the history of Tibet, making it an important part of the history of the Chinese nation. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Central Government carried out an ethnic policy that stresses ethnic equality and unity, regional ethnic autonomy and the common prosperity of all ethnic groups. For over 60 years since its peaceful liberation, Tibet has fully carried out the state ethnic policy, removing political, economic and social factors that would have resulted in ethnic inequality, while eliminating the class differences and personal bondage relations peculiar to Tibet; thus, it has established a new socialist ethnic relationship featuring equality, unity, mutual-aid and harmony.
在發展社會主義市場經濟的推動下，西藏與全國、藏族與其他民族以及西藏自治區內部的自主性人口流動更趨頻繁，各民族之間相互往來、相互包容、相互融合成為民族關系的主流。在各民族公民到西藏經商、務工、交流、朝佛、旅游的同時，大量藏族公民從西藏以及四川、云南、甘肅、青海四省的藏族聚居區涌入內地大城市經商、務工、求學、謀職、交流、旅游。根據中國藏學研究中心2011年開展的內地藏族流動人口課題研究，目前在北京、上海、成都、廣州、西寧、蘭州、昆明等中國大城市，都有為數不等的藏族人口流動或者定居生活。其中，成都市區有戶籍藏族人口3萬多人，無戶籍常住性藏族流動人口在15萬至20萬之間，在成都市多個縣市區已經形成了數個藏族聚居區。西藏自治區政府大力推進民族團結宣傳教育，每年9月集中開展民族團結宣傳月活動，每年召開一次民族團結進步表彰大會，積極開展民族團結進步創建活動。	Driven by the growing socialist market economy, population movements have become more and more frequent between Tibet and the rest of China, between the Tibetan group and other ethnic groups, and within Tibet; mutual exchanges, tolerance and fusion between ethnic groups has become the mainstream of the ethnic relationship. While people of all ethnic groups go to Tibet for business, work, exchanges, pilgrimages and tourism, numerous Tibetan people leave Tibet and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai provinces, and go to inland cities for business, work, study, exchanges and tourism. The China Tibetology Research Center conducted a research in 2011 to study the migration of Tibetan population in inland China. It found that there are different numbers of Tibetan people, floating or resident, in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Xining, Lanzhou, Kunming and other big cities. For example, in the city proper of Chengdu there is a Tibetan population of over 30,000 with registered permanent residence, and 150,000 to 200,000 without registered permanent residence. In addition, areas where Tibetans live in compact communities have appeared in some of the counties and urban districts of Chengdu. The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has worked hard to educate local people about ethnic unity. It holds a theme campaign every September to increase awareness of ethnic unity. Every year there is a conference for the commendations of those who have been outstanding in promoting ethnic unity and progress. Many other activities are also organized by the government to promote this theme.
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