TomTom, a leading provider of navigation and location-based products and services, has published its latest worldwide traffic index, revealing the most congested cities worldwide.

According to the Index, the sixth of the kind, Moscow in Russia is the worst city in the world for traffic jams, followed by Turkey’s Istanbul and Brazil’s Rio de Janeiro.

The Traffic Index is a barometer of traffic congestion in 169 cities across six continents. It compares travel times during non-congested hours with those in peak hours. Cities with the highest rankings experienced the sharpest increases in travel times between the two periods.

The index is based on real travel time data captured by GPS devices in vehicles driving throughout the cities. Its database contains over 9 trillion data measurements. Local roads, arterials and highways were taken into account.

Cities in Asia were not included in the index due to insufficient data, otherwise the big cities in China and India would be likely to feature on the list.

The following are the ten worst cities in the world for traffic.

 Stockholm (Sweden) 斯德哥爾摩（瑞典）

Stockholm [File photo]

Congestion: 36 percent

Morning peak: 75 percent

Evening peak: 85 percent

Highways: 34 percent

Non-highways: 38 percent