Man-made disasters also threaten the city. The high-rise inferno that killed 57 people last November still haunts many locals and the subway collision that injured 270 people two weeks ago all remind us there is no room for complacence.

After China designated May 12 National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day, a reminder of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Shanghai became the first city in the country to issue a local law on earthquake crisis management. It requires all new buildings to be built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake. Schools, hospitals, stadiums and theaters must endure shocks stronger than magnitude 7, and buildings more than 160 meters high must be evaluated for seismic hazards before construction.

Two weeks after the tsunami hit Japan, the Shanghai government announced a plan to build 20 emergency shelters in urban parks by 2015. A budget of 500 million yuan (US$78 million) has been earmarked to store food, medicine, drinking water and tents in the shelters where waste can be recycled, rainwater collected for use, and electricity is generated by solar panels.

According to the plan, A-type shelters are at least 20,000 square meters and can accommodate residents within a radius of 5,000 meters from the park for as long as 30 days. B-type shelters cover at least 4,000 square meters and can serve residents within a radius of 1,000 meters for 10 to 15 days. Residents near Zhongshan Park say they are glad to know there will be an emergency shelter nearby.

It has been proven that emergency drills can significantly reduce the loss of life in a real crisis, but these are hard to carry out in a fast-paced society like Shanghai where people are busy and businesses are reluctant to let the drills interrupt their operation.

As a result, emergency drills often take place in schools and a select few residential complexes.

In our 46-story office building, three floors are designated as emergency shelters with water, food and medicine stored there, but few of us know where these floors are, and no fire drill has been held since we moved into the building in 1999.

During this year's National Disaster Prevention Day, Shanghai's Baoshan District organized an evacuation drill. Within eight minutes, more than 90,000 students and teachers filed out of their school buildings in an orderly exercise. Without proper training, I am afraid there would be total chaos even if a calamity befalls just a fraction of the city's 20 million people.

To address the problem, Shanghai should make it compulsory for every citizen to take part in a disaster drill every year on May 12 and devise a way to make the system work. The Japanese city of Fukuoka is a role model in this regard.

The Fukuoka Citizens' Disaster Prevention Center, where I and other foreign journalists experienced a building fire, an earthquake and a typhoon, receives more than 100,000 visitors a year and teaches them survival techniques through simulations.

Quick recovery is another indicator of disaster-resilient cities. At the Fukuoka symposium, both UN officials and experts spoke highly of the Chinese government's ability to respond quickly to the Sichuan earthquake.

They were also impressed by China's unique one-to-one support program, under which each well-off province or municipality is paired with a city or a county in the disaster area to assist in reconstruction with financial aid no less than 1 percent of the better-off area's local GDP.

Professor Peng Zhenwei of Shanghai Tongji University presented a case study of Shanghai's aid for Dujiangyan. His school was involved in the planning and reconstruction of the city damaged in the earthquake.

Sitting through two days of discussion on disaster prevention and reduction, I left Fukuoka with a heightened awareness that dangers are lurking under our feet but cities are facing more hazards caused by climate change.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said in his World Habitat Day message: Rising sea levels are a major impact of climate change and an urgent concern. Major coastal cities such as Cairo, New York, Karachi, Calcutta, New Orleans, Shanghai, Tokyo, Miami and Amsterdam could face serious threats from storm surges. "The nexus between urbanization and climate change is real and potentially deadly," he warned.