Although Beijing has been the capital of China for five dynasties,
the only imperial mausoleums in the immediate vicinity of the city
today are those of the Liao and Qing emperors are in the northeast
China and in Hebei Province respectively. The tombs from the Jin
Dynasty were destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and since
the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty had no specific funeral
rituals, there are no extant burial sites from this period.
The Ming tombs lie in a broad valley to the south of Tianshou
(Longevity of Heaven) Mountain in Changping County, about 50
kilometers northwest of Beijing proper. To the southwest of this
valley, a branch of the Yanshan Range suddenly to breaks off and
forms a natural gateway to the 40-quare-kilometer basin in which
the tombs were built. This gateway is "defended" on each side by
the Dragon and Tiger hills, which are said to protect this sacred
area from winds carrying evil influences. Thirteen out of the 16
Ming emperors are buried in this peaceful valley.
Visitors first pass by an elegant, five-arched white marble
memorial archway. Built in 1540, this 29-meter-wide and
14-meter-high structure, with its delicate bas-relief carvings of
lions, dragons and lotuses, is still in near-perfect condition.
About one kilometer to the northeast of this archway stands the
Great Red Gate (Dahongmen), the outermost gate of the entire
mortuary complex.
 |
The Great Red Gate marks the beginning of the 7-kilometer-long
Sacred Way (Shendao), which leads to the entrance of the Changling,
the tomb of Emperor Yongle (reigned 1403-1424). Continuing on, one
comes to a tall square stela pavilion, with four tall white stone
ornamental columns (huabiao) set at each of its four
corners, standing boldly in the center of the Sacred Way. The
pavilion houses a huge stone tortoise by the famous Avenue of the
Animals, where pairs of lions, elephants, camels. Horses and a
number of mythological beasts line the road. There are 24 stone
creatures in all. These beasts are followed in turn by a group of
12 stone human figures, which represent the funeral cortege of the
deceased emperors. Carved in 1540, this group is made up of
military, civil and meritorious officials. Immediately beyond these
human figures are the Dragon and Phoenix Gate (Longfengmen), which
are pierced with three archways.
Continuing north to the Changling, the Sacred Way passes over a
river via two bridges of five and seven arches respectively. From
here, all 13 tombs can be seen; the foothills and groves of trees
dotted with golden yellow roofs stretch for 19 kilometers across
this sacred valley.
 |
Compared to the other 12 tombs the Changling is the largest and
best preserved. Built on a south-facing slope, the Changling' s
three courtyards are entirely surrounded by walls. The first
courtyard extends from the massive three-arched entrance gate to
the Gate of Eminent Favor (Long' enmen); on the east of this
courtyard stands a pavilion, which contains a stone tablet, a stone
camel and a stone dragon. Inside the second courtyard stands the
Hall of Eminent Favor. The central portion of the stairway, which
leads up to this great hall is carved with designs of sea beats and
dragons. To the east and west of the hall stand two ritual stoves
where bolts of silk and inscribed scrolls were set aflame as
offerings to the emperor's ancestors. The dimensions of the Hall of
Eminent Favor (67 x 29 meters) closely match the dimensions of the
Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian) in the Forbidden City, which
makes it one of the largest wooden buildings in China. Four giant
wooden columns and 28 smaller pillars support this structure, The
four large columns are 14.3 meters high and 1.17 meters in
diameter, and are extraordinary for the fact that they are each a
single trunk of Phoebe
nanmu.
Inside the third and final courtyard is a square stone rampart
topped with a stela tower, in front of which stand incense burners
and other ritual objects known as the "Nine Stone Feast
Implements." A staircase leads up through the 15-meter-high rampart
tot eh tower, which contains a stela bearing the words "The
Mausoleum of Emperor Chengzu"(the temple name of Emperor Yongle). A
circular wall one kilometer in circumference commonly called the
"Precious City"(Baocheng) surrounds the 31-meter-long,
28-meter-wide burial mound. To the east and west of the great
mausoleum are the tombs of imperial concubines. Sixteen concubines
were"rewarded"with death and buried alive here to serve their
emperor in the underworld. (Such sacrifices were not abolished
until the time of Emperor Zhengtong, who reigned 1436-1449 and
1457-1464).
The tomb of Emperor Wanli (reigned 1537-1619) and its underground
place are located at the foot of Dayu Mountain southwest of the
Changling tomb. Emperor Wanli was buried here in 1620 with two of
his wives, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing. The labor of more than 30,000
workers and 8 million taels of silver (equal to the national land
tax revenues of the first two years of Wanli' s reign) were spent
on the project. It was completed in six years (1584-1590).
The tomb, known as the Dingling, occupies a total area of 1,195
square meters and is located directly behind the stela tower. A
40-meter-long tunnel leads to the first massive door, which is 7.3
meters below the ground. The underground palace consists of five
rooms with giant marble archways and a floor paved with huge
polished stone known as "gold bricks." Fifty thousand bricks were
produced in Suzhou over the course of three years and transported
some 1,400 kilometers to the north.
 |
Descending to the level of the burial chambers, one comes first
tot eh unfurnished front hall. This hall connects tot eh central
hall, where three marble imperial thrones, one for the emperor and
two for his consorts, are located. Here also are "eternal
lamps"(oil lamps with a floating wick) and a set of the "five
offerings" -- an incense burner, two candlesticks and two vases,
all of yellow glazed pottery. Adjacent to the middle hall are two
side chambers, each containing a marble coffin platform 17.4 meters
long and 3.7 meters wide. Known as "gold wells," each of these
platforms is topped with "gold bricks" and has a small area in its
center which is filled with yellow soil. No coffins, however, were
found in these chambers.
The rear hall is the largest (9.5 meters high, 30.1 meters long and
9.1 meters wide) and most important hall in the underground palace.
In the center of the hall are the three platforms used to support
the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his empresses. Twenty-six red
lacquer chests, containing crowns, pitchers and wine vessels of
gold, pitchers, cups, bowls and earring of jade, and porcelain
vases and bowls were placed around the coffins. In addition, sacred
objects of jade and blue-and-white porcelain vases were placed
alongside the chests. Among the more than 3,000 objects unearthed
from the underground palace is an extremely fine crown made of gold
filigree decorated with two miniature dragons playing with a pear.
This, along with exquisite embroidery of 100 children playing and
other exhibits of historical interest, can be viewed in two
exhibition halls located within the Dingling complex.
Travel Tips:
Address: Jundushan, Changping District;
Entry ticket: Changling:?45 yuan, Dingling:
65 yuan, Zhaoling: 20 yuan, Shenlu: 20 yuan;
Traffic: Tourist Bus No.s1-5, or take Bus No. 345
to Changping and then change to Bus No. 314;
Tel: Dingling: 86-10-60761424, Changling:
86-10-60761334, Zhaoling: 86-10-60761435, Shenlu:
86-10-89749383.
(China.org.cn May 25, 2007)
