I 背景介紹

       根據多年來對雅思寫作大作文的分析研究，盡管議論文的話題繁多，但其問題模式都可以歸屬于兩大類——討論類和分析解決類。討論類常見的如：

       To what extent do you agree or disagree?

       What is your opinion?

       Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages.

       而分析解決是指對某一負面現象進行原因的分析，再給出解決方法。如：

       Discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon and suggest some recommendations about how to combat it.

       上述兩類相信參加過雅思考試或者在準備的烤鴨們都已經非常熟悉了，那么在考試中出現幾率較高的是第一類討論型的題目，占了百分之八十以上，所以學會此類題目的論證過程的擴展對議論文分數的提高起關鍵作用。

       在雅思寫作的評分標準中，我們看到前兩個評分標準中，均出現了對段落擴展的描述，第一個評分標準task response，指任務完成度，在文章內容方面的體現即文章是否回答了題目的關于topic的論證；是否都圍繞主題，無偏題離題現象發生；能否完整全面的對話題進行論證。而第二點coherence and cohesion，指連貫和銜接。內容是否連貫，很大程度上取決于論證過程的擴展是否有緊密關聯，有無邏輯性。可見議論文論證過程的合理有邏輯的擴展非常重要。

       II 讓步段的概念及用法

       在議論文中，常見的論證方法很多，如舉例子、解釋、類比、對比、列數據等，今天專家要給大家總結介紹一類在論證中能體現論證的全面性的方法，即讓步的論證方法，首先我們來看幾個句型：

       1. As is granted, ... However, convincing arguments have been made that...

       2. Opponents would argue that... However, ...

       3. Although/ In spite of the fact that..., people tend to believe that...

       4. It is undeniable that...

       從以上三個句型，我們看出讓步就是先退一步承認自己不同意的一個事實，再對其進行反駁。如某人去面試，老板要拒絕聘請錄用這個員工，他會在拒絕前先說一番承認這個人在某些方面還不錯的一些話，這就是讓步。這樣論證的優點是更加全面，不會一味的一邊倒，片面的認為一個事件的存在只有優點或只有缺點，且論證也更有說服力。這種論證方法常出現在討論類的單邊論證中，我們來看一個題目：

       The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

       針對這樣一個題目，通過審題，題目要求考生探討圖書館是否需要提供高科技媒體。根據分析，我們可以得出單邊論證的結構，同意提供多媒體。具體結構參照如下：

       Introduction: State my opinion

       The hi-tech media should been provided by the public libraries.

       Body:

       Ph 1 Making concession

       Multimedia facilities are expensive.

       Ph 2 Reason one to support my opinion

       Hi-tech media can store information much longer than traditional means.

       Ph 3 Reason two to support my opinion

       Visiting a library with multimedia access is much more interesting.

       Conclusion: Restate my opinion

       The investment is justified and should be encouraged.

       從上述結構我們看出作者的觀點是支持提供高科技媒體，但這個論證過程非常全面。它先在論證的第一段就退一步承認其缺點，然后再就這一點進行反駁，這個段落就是讓步段。參考之前提供句型，得出這一段：

       Opponents of a high-tech library would argue that multimedia facilities are expensive. This may be true to some extent, because a DVD player is often more expensive than a bookshelf. However, with immense storage capacity, these new high-tech media can actually save the most valuable resource-space.