雙邊論證

然而通過(guò)朗閣海外考試研究中心寫(xiě)作組的專家總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，近年來(lái)，劍5和劍6后面考官提供的高分甚至滿分范文都采用了另一種論證方法，稱為雙邊論證。雙邊論證基本為四段論，它與單邊的最大區(qū)別在正文，正文兩段分別對(duì)題干提出的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。我們也通過(guò)下圖來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)此種結(jié)構(gòu)：

Introduction

Background+ My Opinion / Layout

Body:

1. Opinion One / Advantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences

Conclusion:

Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)

此類結(jié)構(gòu)是雙邊傾向性結(jié)構(gòu)，是雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種。對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)較單邊結(jié)構(gòu)最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是論證過(guò)程比較容易擴(kuò)展。雙邊論證指正文兩段分別論述下兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。可以做一個(gè)有趣的比喻（引自朗閣海外考試研究中心主任寧園老師），雙邊論證的結(jié)構(gòu)就像是在打一場(chǎng)官司，引言段引出話題，可以看作是書(shū)記員來(lái)宣布審理的案件，正文兩段分別是兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，可以理解為被告和原告的辯護(hù)律師來(lái)列舉對(duì)自己有利的證據(jù)，結(jié)尾段得出觀點(diǎn)，即法官在總結(jié)了被告原告律師的發(fā)言后，得出自己的答案，同意哪一方，是否定罪。

通過(guò)上面對(duì)單邊、雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)的介紹，考生可得出結(jié)論，上面列舉的5個(gè)問(wèn)題，1、2、3、5題可用單邊論證，而這5題都可以用雙邊論證來(lái)寫(xiě)，第4題只能用雙邊論證，題干已經(jīng)明確要求討論兩個(gè)方面。

II 分析解決型

此類問(wèn)題模式通常會(huì)給出一個(gè)話題，如juvenile delinquency，要求考生分析產(chǎn)生此問(wèn)題的原因，并給出一些緩解的方法。我們首先也來(lái)熟悉下此類問(wèn)題模式

1). Crime is increasing in many countries. Discuss some of the reasons for this increase and suggest some ways in which government can combat the problems.

2). Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to solve it.

3). What are some of the problems associated with the drug abuse? Give some suggestions about how to alleviate it?

4). Overpopulation of the elderly is increasingly severe in almost every country. Analyze some reasons and state the effects on the society.

上面兩題中共同出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)信號(hào)詞分別是reasons，suggestions，problems和effects。所以有這四個(gè)詞我們可以確定它為分析解決型，和討論類題目有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的文章結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)下圖。

Introduction

Background + layout

Body:

1. Reasons / Problems

Topic Sentence + Reason One / Problem One + supporting sentences

+ Reason Two / Problem Two + supporting sentences

2. Suggestions / Effects

Topic sentence + Suggestion One / Effect One + ss

+ Suggestion Two / Effect Two + ss

Conclusion:

Restatement of the Body

上述結(jié)構(gòu)是分析解決型的一種非常常見(jiàn)的對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，我們應(yīng)該問(wèn)什么答什么。有時(shí)題目會(huì)出現(xiàn)只問(wèn)problems或reasons，結(jié)構(gòu)也要相應(yīng)的發(fā)生變化，即只回答幾個(gè)問(wèn)題或原因。

得出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是解題的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵，但事實(shí)上，在考試過(guò)程中，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間很緊，花在得出結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)間就應(yīng)該相應(yīng)的縮短，建議是考生在拿到一個(gè)題目審題后，應(yīng)該在二十秒左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就反應(yīng)出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。考生可通過(guò)上述結(jié)構(gòu)自己再考前準(zhǔn)備模板，這對(duì)提高解題速度有很大的幫助。

（來(lái)源：朗閣海外考試研究中心）