The top legislature adopted a change to the law on the country's
court system on Tuesday requiring all death sentences to be
approved by the Supreme People's Court.
The amendment to the country's organic law on the people's court
will come into effect on January 1, 2007. It is believed to be the
most important reform on capital punishment in China in more than
20 years.
The amendment deprives the provincial people's courts of the
final say on issuing death sentence, stipulating that death
penalties handed out by provincial courts must be reviewed and
ratified by the Supreme People's Court (SPC).
Xiao Yang, president of the Supreme People's
Court, said the change will separate a review of a death sentence
from a convicted person's appeal of the verdict. The former will be
handled by the SPC while the later remains in the jurisdiction of
provincial courts.
This, says Xiao, is "an important procedural step to prevent
wrongful convictions."
"It will also give the defendants in death sentence cases one
more chance to have their opinions heard," Xiao said.
The SPC was responsible for reviewing all death penalty cases
until 1983 when, as part of a major crackdown on crime, provincial
courts were given authority to issue final verdicts on death
sentences for crimes that seriously endangered public security and
social order, including homicide, rape, robbery and bombing.
Chen Xianming, president of China University of Political
Science and Law, said the revision was appropriate in the mid
1980's and helped to lower the country's crime rate.
Ministry of Public Security figures in September 1984 showed
that the number of criminal cases from January to August that year
dropped 31 percent from the previous year.
However, the practice of provincial courts handling both death
sentence appeals and conducting final reviews began to encounter
increasing criticism in recent years for causing miscarriages of
justice.
Since 2005, China's media have exposed a series of errors in
death sentence cases and criticized courts for lack of caution in
meting out capital punishment.
Law professor Chen Ruihua of the Peking University said the 1983
revision has resulted in "insufficient supervision" of death
sentences.
Chen said provincial courts may have different interpretations
of which crimes are worthy of capital punishment. This meant
someone convicted in one province may receive the death penalty
while in another province the same crime would have resulted in a
prison sentence.
"To take back the power of reviewing and ratifying all death
sentences and prevent wrongful convictions has become an urgent
issue for China to push forward judicial reform, safeguard legal
consistency and promote judicial justice," said Chen.
Sources with the supreme court said the SPC had been considering
depriving provincial courts of the right to ratify death sentences
since the late 1990s.
In October 2005, the SPC issued its Second Five-Year (2006-2010)
Reform Plan, announcing that it had decided to deprive provincial
courts of this power according to the principle of "respecting and
protecting human rights and exerting strict controls over the death
penalty."
To prepare for the changes, the SPC has set up three new
criminal tribunals since April this year to review death sentences
handed out by provincial courts.
Staff for the three tribunals, who underwent a month of training
in Beijing, are selected from regional courts by a rigorous
examination process.
The SPC is working on a plan to take in more experienced lawyers
and law school teachers as senior judges.
Over 30 judges from higher and intermediary people's courts have
been chosen for the first training course in Beijing. After three
months of training, they will be on probation for a year before
officially assuming office.
After a year of preparation, the SPC tabled the draft amendment
to the top legislature last September, asking lawmakers to revise
the law to allow the supreme court to take back the power.
(Xinhua News Agency November 1, 2006)