For 25-year-old migrant construction worker Chen Qiang, the
dream of marrying his ideal woman and building a house to share
with her ended in July.
Apparently spurred by alcohol and pornographic films, Chen
allegedly grabbed and raped a 43-year-old woman who was passing
by.
The native of Anhui Province is now on trial at the
Jiangning District People's Procuratorial Department in Nanjing,
capital of east China's Jiangsu Province, and could face years in
prison.
"Chen is not the only migrant worker to go down that path due to
long-term sexual frustration. Similar tragedies are happening again
and again," Deng Yuanhong, deputy director of the department, told
China Daily.
According to Deng, since May when the weather started turning
warm her department has dealt with more than 15 cases of alleged
rape and sexual harassment by migrant workers.
People tend to be more impulsive in summer, and see-through
clothes worn by some women provoke desire, Deng said.
Deng and her colleagues are calling for more attention to be
paid to the social consequences caused by the suppressed sexual
needs of migrant workers.
Figures from procuratorial bureaus in four major districts in
Nanjing showed 78 cases of rape were allegedly committed by migrant
workers between 2004 and 2005, accounting for 48 percent of all
such cases in the districts.
The youngest migrant worker rapist was 16, while the majority
were aged around 25.
In Chen Qiang's case, some co-workers voiced sympathy.
"Frankly speaking, most of us at times feel the same sexual
desire as Chen did. But we just work more or simply distract
ourselves with other means. Chen has committed a crime, but his
situation was pathetic. He is a warning to us all," said Zhang
Jiashun, a migrant worker who used to work with Chen.
In another case, Luo Shuang, a 33-year-old married migrant
worker who was sentenced to 20 years in prison last month for
raping four women, was quoted by Nanjing Daily as saying he
felt pained by his sexual frustration and regretted his crimes.
Luo even asked for the death penalty because he was too ashamed
to see his family again.
Background
What has been reported about such migrants in Nanjing mirrors
the situation of many other mobile people in China.
It is estimated that there are more than 140 million migrant
workers, scattered across almost every labor-intensive industry in
the country. Statistics provided by sociologists indicate they make
up about 68 percent of the total workers in manufacturing and
construction and almost 32 percent of those in the service
industry.
While their hard work fuels the country's surging economy, the
migrant workers in return usually work long hours, get little rest
time and low pay, and also have undesirable living conditions.
Forced to leave spouses behind and work away for months at a
time to support their families, migrants often have the family
budget to consider first, instead of their own sexual needs.
However, even though they are mostly too shy to talk about sex
publicly, a lack of sex has reportedly troubled the majority of
single or married adult migrants.
A survey by the Ministry of Health at the end of 2004 said 88
percent of the country's male migrants suffered from sexual
depression.
And a survey carried out by Beijing Star Daily last year
covering 40 adult male migrants revealed 16 of the married men
hadn't had sex in six months. Nine single migrants had not had sex
since arriving in the city several years ago.
The survey correspondents said they thought about visiting
prostitutes, but their earnings could not sustain their desire for
a call girl.
Most of them instead watched porn films and some resorted to
touching women in public.
Sexual fantasies are common among these adult male migrants,
with the walls of their rooms posted with almost nude models and
"dirty" magazines passed around. And they often make a fuss when
they see intimate lovers in the street, as they feel jealous.
Furthermore, as said, more extreme behavior like rape and sexual
harassment have also been seen.
Compared with their male counterparts, female migrant workers
seem more disciplined although things do not always run smoothly
with them either.
A 2002 survey by the Guangdong Family Planning Research Institute
found that more than 50 percent of the province's single female
migrant workers were engaged in pre-marital sex. A practice
considered disgraceful in China's countryside where most of the
female migrants come from.
A survey in June by the Guangzhou Family Planning Bureau covered
6,395 female migrants aged between 16 and 49 years. It reported
that more than 30 percent of married migrant women in Guangzhou
suffer from various diseases associated with their reproductive
systems, and about 32 percent of single migrant women don't know
what a venereal disease is.
According to Wu Yiming, dean of the Sociology Department of
Nanjing Normal University, with China's experiences of
industrialization, the trend of people moving from agriculture to
work in urban areas is irreversible.
But ignoring the sexual needs of migrant workers, most of whom
are male, will lead to physical and psychological problems.
"Migrant workers are first and foremost human beings with normal
sexual needs. Society cannot ask them to adhere to laws and
regulations while ignoring their natural demands," Wu told China
Daily.
Wu warned that sexual frustration might lead to not only mental
and physical problems for the migrant themselves, but also social
problems such as crimes like rape, and prostitution.
Suggested ways out
Experts in sociology and law like Wu and Deng suggest that
society should work together to help migrant workers.
The government should enforce the laws and regulations
effectively and punish the factory managements that treat migrant
workers badly. These factories are expected to grant their workers
regular paid holidays so they can return home as well as allowing
spouses to visit, said Deng with the Jiangning District
Procuratorial Department.
Local governments should also improve workers' knowledge of the
law by giving out handbooks and holding regular lectures for
them.
Wu suggested employers and authorities should help and encourage
workers to enjoy a more healthy existence outside of work.
Methods include providing free and accessible "healthy" movies
or building leisure centers where workers can play cards or table
tennis to divert attention away from their sexual demands.
It has been reported that a cinema targeting migrant groups was
established in Beijing during the last Spring Festival.
And practices such as handing out free condoms in areas with a
lot of migrants were also listed by Wu as a way to curb widespread
sexually transmitted diseases.
Researchers also suggest that some rules relating to the
movement of people need to be changed if social problems initiated
by migrants are to be fought.
Chen Liangwen, a researcher with the China Center for Regional
Economics under Peking University, said a key issue is to alter the
permanent residential policy. Without proper permits, migrant
workers face difficulties with such things like getting jobs and
housing.
More specifically, including migrant workers in a city's
subsidiary housing plan is a fundamental way to help them,
according to Tao Ran, a researcher in development economics with
China Academy of Sciences.
When an entire family can afford to live together in a city,
problems generated by loneliness are eased naturally, according to
Tao.
A good example of how to accommodate migrant couples is the
"lovebird nest" emerging in Shenzhen, Nanjing, and Yongkang County
in east China's Zhejiang Province.
With large numbers of migrant workers from Anhui and Henan
provinces, the Xiaguan district in Nanjing has built dozens of
cheap apartments which can be rented for 300 yuan (US$37.5) per
month when spouses come to visit.
In a Shenzhen handbag-making factory funded by a Hong Kong
investor, 168 migrant couples who have, on average, worked in the
factory for seven to 10 years are enjoying their spare time in
"lovebird nests."
It has been reported by local media that due to this considerate
welfare measure, workers in the factory are more dedicated and
rarely choose to leave. Production efficiency at the site is 40
percent higher than at other similar factories in the same
area.
(China Daily August 16, 2006)