With a shadow of war on the horizon, UN disarmament chiefs faced their Iraqi counterparts Saturday in "useful" and "very substantial" talks to finally get answers to questions about anthrax, VX and other forbidden arms from the past.
After more than four hours of meetings, UN nuclear watchdog Mohamed ElBaradei reported the Iraqis had presented unspecified "explanations on some of the issues." The discussions resume Sunday.
The talks were pivotal, but they were "not the last chance" for peace, ElBaradei said, clearly seeking to counter talk in Washington that the time for diplomacy had all but run out.
ElBaradei and chief UN arms inspector Hans Blix were looking for quick Iraqi concessions on practical matters in the disarmament effort here, such as clearance to fly American U-2 reconnaissance planes in support of their inspections.
They also were hoping to ensure that meetings continue with weapons scientists in private. Another scientist submitted to an interview Saturday the fifth in three days signaling a possible breakthrough on this issue.
But they also wanted more: Documents, testimony or other evidence to clear up discrepancies in Iraq's accounting for weapons of mass destruction produced and weapons destroyed over a decade ago.
"If they don't have the orders (to destroy weapons), if they don't have the paper, give us the people who were involved, to talk to," one UN delegate said before the first meeting in a Foreign Ministry conference room above a boulevard dotted with heroic statues of President Saddam Hussein.
The first round of talks opened just after 4 p.m. Saturday with a scheduled hour of high-level discussion between Blix, ElBaradei and Lt. Gen. Amer al-Saadi, a Saddam Hussein adviser and head of the Iraqi delegation. More than three hours of a full meeting between delegations followed.
Afterward, Blix told reporters, "It is useful discussions we are having. ... It was a very substantial discussion." But neither he nor ElBaradei provided any details of what "explanations" the Iraqis offered.
Another senior UN official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the Iraqis had presented documents but they would have to be studied before inspectors could determine their value. He declined to say how many were handed over or to specify their subject matter. No Iraqi officials spoke with reporters afterward.
The two days of Baghdad talks will shape the reports the chief inspectors must present Friday to the UN Security Council, whose member nations are searching for unanimity on the next step in the explosive crisis.
The council majority wants something short of a UN authorization for war against Iraq, sought by President Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
The US and British governments contend that Iraq retains chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs prohibited by UN resolutions, and threaten a military strike if not satisfied Saddam has disarmed.
In a jab at major US allies, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said Saturday countries such as France and Germany that favor giving Iraq another chance to disarm are undermining what slim chance may exist to avoid war.
"There are those who counsel that we should delay preparations" for war against Iraq. "Ironically, that approach could well make war more likely, not less, because delaying preparations sends a signal of uncertainty," Rumsfeld said in the opening address at an international conference on security policy.
German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer, at the same Munich conference, spoke against accepting "the logic of a military campaign."
"We must give the inspectors more time," he said.
Bush said he will not wait much longer before moving against Saddam, declaring in his weekly radio address that the Iraqi leader is wasting a last opportunity to come clean.
In Berlin, meanwhile, a weekly magazine reported Germany and France were working on a broad disarmament plan for Iraq designed to avoid war, including the deployment of UN soldiers throughout the country, reconnaissance flights and a tripling of the number of weapons inspectors.
The plan could be presented to the Security Council as a resolution, Der Spiegel said, though it was unclear how the two countries or the United Nations would win Saddam's approval for carrying it out.
Rumsfeld said he heard of the proposal through press reports, but suggested inspections only work if a country cooperates.
American military units, meanwhile, continue to converge on the Gulf region, more than 100,000 personnel thus far to back up the US threat.
In Turkey, top civilian and military leaders agreed to let the United States send 38,000 troops to the country to open a northern front in any Iraq war, private television NTV reported.
Washington had asked to station 80,000 troops in Turkey, but in the face of strong public opposition to war Turkish leaders asked that the United States reduce the figure.
In the central Iraqi city of Tikrit, Saddam's hometown, thousands of soldiers and civilian militia members -- women and older men among them -- marched in a display of readiness for any US attack, holding Kalashnikov assault rifles aloft, carrying outsized portraits of Saddam.
Against this talk of war and peace, the more than 100 UN inspectors went about their daily business in Iraq. Inspectors paid surprise visits to industrial sites and a technical institute, and a nuclear team surveyed parts of Baghdad with a vehicle monitoring for radiation.
The Iraqi Foreign Ministry said one UN team cordoned off an area in Baghdad for four hours on Saturday and searched a printing plant, a military factory and a kindergarten. Saturday was a holiday in Iraq and no classes were in session.
UN officials were not immediately available for comment.
Also Saturday, coalition aircraft dropped 480,000 propaganda leaflets over southern Iraq, warning civilians to stay away from areas occupied by the military and giving a radio frequency in which they could listen to information explaining UN activities in Iraq.
The Security Council banned Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and longer-range missiles after Iraq's defeat in the 1991 Gulf War. During the 1990s, UN inspectors oversaw destruction of the great bulk of chemical and biological weapons, and dismantled Iraq's program to build nuclear bombs.
The UN experts resumed inspections last Nov. 27, after a four-year gap, to certify that Iraq has no leftover weapons and did not restart the arms programs during the UN absence.
(China Daily February 9, 2003)
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