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When speaking of the early Qing Dynasty tombs people are naturally reminded of the Yongling, Fuling and Zhaoling in Shenyang and Dongjingling mausoleums in Liaoyang in the province of Liaoning. Different from East and West Imperial Tombs built in Zunhua County, Hebei Province, after the Qing Dynasty set up its capital inside the Great Wall, the aforesaid four imperial tombs are known for their mausoleum construction in an antique architectural style and layout of feudal castles, and their important and unique locations and quiet secluded environs.
Square Castle at the Qing East Tombs in Shenyang
Gate Tower at the Qing East Tombs in Shenyang
The Hall of Grand Favor in the Qing East tombs in Shenyang
Stone sacrificial vessels in front of the Hall of Grand Favor
Front yard of the Qing north tombs
Stone archway at the Qing north tombs
Soul Tower at the Qing north tombs
Five stone sacrificial vessels in front of the Soul Tower
The Hall of Grand Favor at the Qing north tombs
Yongling Mausoleum Originally known as Xingjingling built in 1598, the mausoleum south of Qiyun Mountain northwest of Yongling Town, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province and near the Suzi River. It was restored many times during the Kang Xi and Qian Long reigns after it was renamed Yongling in 1059. It covers an area of about twelve thousand square kilometers surrounded by mountains and rivers, creating an impression of luxuriant surroundings. Ancestors of the first Qing emperor, Nurhachi (1559-1626), are buried in this tomb. They are Gaitemu, one of his ancestors; Fuman, and his great-grandfather; Juechangan his grandfather, and his father, Takeshi.
The mausoleum is composed of the Front Courtyard, the Fangcheng (the square castle) and Baocheng (tombs surrounded by additional high walls like a castle), all surrounded by a vermilion wall. At the centre of the south frontyard stands the Red Gate inside of which are four pavilions with four stone tablets in each pavilion praising the four ancestors. On the east and west sides are tea house, washing rooms and houses for prayers to change their clothes. In line with the system of "office hall in front and bedroom in the rear" a Hall of Offering Sacrifice was built inside the Square Castle. Left and right walls are inlayed with color glazed dragons which added luster to the vermilion walls and yellow tiles. The main building at the center of the Square Castle was called Qiyun Hall. Inside Qiyun Hall are warm pavilion and treasure bed for offering sacrifices. Two side halls are on the east and west sides of Qiyun Hall. In front of the side halls is a silk burning furnace. Behind Qiyun Hall were tombs, most of whose occupants have been removed to other places. In some of the tombs are buried only the hat and clothing of the dead.
Originally there was an old elm called the "fairy tree." When Emperor Qian Long, in the 43rd year of his reign, traveled to the east, he wrote a poem about the tree: "The Song of the Fairy Tree." The poem was inscribed on a stone tablet which stood beside the tree. The stone tablet has been moved and is now in the western side hall.
Yongling Mausoleum is not large. Inside the Square Castle are castle-like embrasured watch towers, turrets, passages and a mausoleum with an underground palace, The mausoleum, nestled among the hills with Qiyun Mountain towering behind it, is opposite Yancong Mountain with Suzi River running between them. From a distance the mausoleum appears as a red dot in the green carpet of the forest.
Fuling Mausoleum Fuling Mausoleum lies east of Shenyang City. Qing Emperor Nurhachi and Empress Yehenala were buried here in setting in which the Huihe River flows in front and Tianzhu Mountain stands behind; an emperor's mausoleum with a unique style.
Fuling Mausoleum, built in 1629 and expanded during the Kang Xi and Qian Long reigns, covers an area of 194,800 square meters. The rectangular mausoleum is surrounded by a wall, with the red entrance gate located in the center of the south wall. The walls on both east and west sides of the gate are decorated with glazed dragons. In each side of the gate are tablets ordering riders to dismount, ornamental columns, stone lions and memorial archways. These make the door dignified and magnificent. Inside the entrance, on both sides of the spirit path and among green pines are pairs of stone sculptures of lions, horses, camels and tigers.
From south to north the rising terrain is traversed up 108 brick steps to a stone bridge and a tombstone tower. Inside the tower is a stone tablet inscribed in Emperor Kang Xi's calligraphy: "The Tablet of Devine Merit and Sage Virtue." On the left and right sides of the tower are houses used for the offering of sacrifices such as a fruit house, a washing room and a vegetarian diet house. Further north is the Square Castle, the principal part of the Mausoleum. In the south center is the Gate of Grand Favor covered by a triple-eaved arch, and in the north center is a Soul Tower with a stone tablet proclaiming the "Mausoleum of Emperor Gao" standing inside. Turrets stand at each corner with Long'en (Grand Favour) Hall in the center. The three main columns and the five columns of the east and west side halls are places for the offering of sacrifices. Behind the main hall are the stone column gate and five-stone arch and in front there is a silk burning pavilion. Beyond the Square Castle is the Treasure Castle built in a crescent shape, hence the name Crescent-Moon Castle. The upper part is the castle and the lower part is the underground palace where the imperial remains were buried.
The Mausoleum is in a mountain valley among tall pine trees, peaceful and secluded. With a background of blue sky and white clouds the red wall and yellow tiles can be seen dimly in the luxuriant pine forest. The architecture of the Nüzhen combines with traditional imperial mausoleum forms to provide a pleasing compound.
Zhaoling Mausoleum Zhaoling lies in the north part of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. It is the grave of Huangtaiji (1592-1643) and Empress Boerjijite. Born in 1592, Huangtaiji was the eighth son of Qing Emperor, Nurhachi, and an outstanding politician and strategist. In 1026, he succeeded his father and ascended to his reign title of "Han' and the following year he established as his reign title "Yuan Tian Cong." In 1636 he set himself up as an emperor and adopted the reign title Later Kin. Then, he titled his rule as Great Qing and accomplished in unifying northeast China. He died in 1643.
Zhaoling Mausoleum is the largest and the most complete among the imperial tombs in northeast China. Recently, following a decision of the State Council Zhaoling was listed as an important cultural and historical monument placed under state protection. With an area of 4.5 million square meters, it was first built in the 8th year of the Chong De reign (1643) and completed in the 8th year of the Shun Zhi reign in 1651. The tomb was extended during the years of the Kang Xi and Jia Qing reigns.
The overall arrangement of this cemetery is the same as Fuling. The graves are surrounded by rectangular walls, and the red entrance gate is located in south center. Outside the gate are tablets ordering dismount from horses, ornamental columns, stone lions and a stone bridge, as well as a memorial archway built in the 6th year of the Jia Qing reign. The memorial archway lies in the center outside the door. It is exquisitely carved with high art value.
The left and right walls are inlaid with vividly shaped colored glazed dragons. Inside the door, on the two sides of the Spirit Path, are six pairs of stone sculptures of lions, Chinese unicorns, camels, horses and elephants. Among them, a pair of stone horses, called "elder white" and "younger white," were the favorites of Huangtaiji. This sort of horse displays the Mongolia horse characteristic of short legs. In the centre of the north area is a tower for the tombstone. Inside the tower is a stone tablet sculptured with Emperor Kang Xi's calligraphy: "The Tablet of Devine Merit and Sage Virtue" of the Qing Dynasty. The tablet is over five meters high and weighs 50 thousand kilograms. The tower has an ornamental column, attracting more attention. East and west are a tea house and a washing room. Behind the tower is the main part of the cemetery -- the Square Castle. The Long'en Palace built on a carved granite foundation, is in the center. It has three rooms, a glazed tile roof and sculptured beams. On its east and west sides are side halls and towers stand at each corner. The main entrance, Long'en Door, is in front, and behind the palace a vivid tower contains a stone tablet inscribed with "The Tomb of Emperor Tai Zong" in the center. North of the Square Castle lies Baocheng (Treasure Castle) shaped like a crescent moon. Inside Baocheng can be seen the roof of the castle over the underground palace where the Emperor Huangtaiji and his concubine were buried.
Though the mausoleum lies fairly low on flat ground, its towers and halls are landmarks among green pines and cypresses. It was a forbidden palace during the Qing Dynasty.
Dongjing Mausoleum This mausoleum lies on Yanglu Mountain 3.5 kilometers east of the Taizi River, Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province. It is only one kilometers southwest of Dongjing Town (now Xincheng) built during the Qing Dynasty. After Nurhachi, the Qing Emperor, moved his capital to Liaoyang, he moved the tombs of Jing Zu, and others of his relatives to Dongjing in the 9th year of Tian Ming (Later Kin) (1624) hence the name Dongjingling Mausoleum. In the 11th year of the Shun Zhi reign (1654) in the Qing Dynasty, the tombs of his grandfather Juechangan and his father Takeshi were moved back to Hetuala, only those tombs of Shuerhachi, Muerhachi, Hurehachi and some others remained. All these people, once led by Nurhachi, fought in the wars, contributing to the setting up of the Qing Court. After they routed over a hundred thousand fighters of the Ming Dynasty in Saerhu, the east mountain area of Fushun, Nurhachi turned south to capture Liaoyang in 1621 and set up his capital at Dongjing Town. After that, warring stopped for awhile and he started construction of the Dongjing Mausoleum.
Dongjing Mausoleum occupies the whole Yanglu Mountain but is the smallest among the early four imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty in northeast China. It has high walls, a gate and tablet pavilions. There are four tomb yards with Prince Shuerhach's Tomb as the dominant element. Shuerhachi had died in battle in 1611. He proclaimed a Later Kin Dynasty and his reign title was Daerhanbatulu. His tablet pavilion is well preserved under a four-roof pavilion with a single eave. Inside the pavilion are colored paintings and sunken panels. On the marble tablet are engraved Manchurian and Chinese words: "The Tablet of Prince Zhuang Daerhanbatult."
The other tombs also have their own tablets, except for Zhuying, the eldest son of Nurhachi. It was said that Zhuying, following his father, fought valiantly and rendered many meritorious services. However, during the battle for Liaoyang some military action was delayed and the soldiers of the Qing Dynasty suffered because Zhuying was drunk. As a result, no tablet was erected for him.
The four early imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty north of the Great Wall demonstrated their own styles and unique construction designs. All had high surrounding walls, like the imperial Forbidden City, with watchtowers at each of four corners; the steps and railings of Fuling and Zhaoling mausoleums in Shenyang are exquisitely sculptured. The detailed carvings and sculptured relief works are seldom seen in tombs inside the great wall. Their sizes and scope are not as large as the Ming Tombs and the East and West Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty but the examples are invaluable.
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