Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches

Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches

Heavenly stems and earthly branches (or Tian Gan Di Zhi, commonly abbreviated to Gan Zhi) are the basic units of the ancient Chinese astronomical calendar, which originated from the observation of celestial phenomena. "Gan" literally means stems and "Zhi" means branches. There are ten heavenly stems: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, and Gui, and twelve earthly branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, and Hai. The heavenly stems and earthly branches are combined in a fixed order to form the Gan Zhi chronology, an important means of recording years, months, days, and hours in ancient China. They are still the basic units of the Chinese lunar calendar today. For example, 2022 is the year of Ren Yin with the heavenly stem "Ren" and the earthly branch "Yin", and 2023 is the year of Gui Mao with the heavenly stem "Gui" and the earthly branch "Mao".

In Chinese folk culture, the twelve earthly branches are paired with the twelve zodiac animals (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig). Each animal corresponds to a lunar year. For example, the year of Ren Yin is the year of the tiger, and the year of Gui Mao is the year of the rabbit. The Gan Zhi chronology is based on a 60-year cycle, known as a "Jia Zi", reflecting the ancient Chinese belief in the cyclical nature of history. It was also widely used in divination, arithmetic, naming, and other fields.

天干地支

天干地支簡(jiǎn)稱“干支”，是中國(guó)古代天文歷法的基本計(jì)數(shù)單位，源自中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代對(duì)天象的觀測(cè)。“干”原指樹(shù)干，“支”原指樹(shù)枝。天干有十個(gè)，依次為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸；地支有十二個(gè)，依次為： 子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥。十天 干和十二地支按固定的順序相互配合，組成干支紀(jì)元法。干 支紀(jì)元法是中國(guó)古人紀(jì)年、月、日、時(shí)的重要方法，直到現(xiàn) 在仍是中國(guó)農(nóng)歷紀(jì)年的基本單位，例如，2022年是農(nóng)歷壬 寅年，2023年是農(nóng)歷癸卯年。

中國(guó)民間又將十二地支與十二生肖（鼠、牛、虎、兔、龍、蛇、馬、羊、猴、雞、狗、豬）相配，與農(nóng)歷年相對(duì)應(yīng)，如壬寅年為虎年，癸卯年為兔年。干支紀(jì)年法以六十年為一個(gè)周期，稱為一“甲子”。這種紀(jì)年法反映了中國(guó)古人循環(huán)往復(fù)、生生不息的歷史觀。此外，天干地支還廣泛應(yīng)用于術(shù)數(shù)、計(jì)數(shù)、命名等領(lǐng)域。