The Nanchang Uprising
In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei struck counter-revolutionary blows against the Communist membership of the KMT, and the KMT-CPC cooperation came to a premature end. The revolution nationwide took a sharp turn in a new direction, and the CPC embarked on an arduous journey of exploring a new path through independent leadership of the agrarian revolution.
At this critical moment, in mid-July 1927, the Standing Committee of the Provisional Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee decided to move the forces that the CPC could control or influence to Nanchang in preparation for an armed uprising, and to launch autumn harvest uprisings in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces, where workers and peasants movements were built on solid foundations.
On July 27, Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) arrived with a group in Nanchang, capital city of Jiangxi Province. Immediately on arrival they set up a Front Committee to take charge of preparations with Zhou as secretary. Together with He Long (1896-1969), Ye Ting, Zhu De (1886-1976) and Liu Bocheng (1892-1986), the Front Committee, on August 1, started an armed uprising in Nanchang with a 20,000-strong Northern Expedition army under the CPC's control or influence. After four hours of fierce fighting, the insurgent army overcame the defending force of 3,000 and took control of the whole city.
On learning of the uprising, Wang Jingwei of the KMT immediately ordered Zhang Fakui (1896-1980) and Zhu Peide (1889-1937) to attack Nanchang with their troops. In line with the CPC Central Committee's plan, the Front Committee decided to lead the uprising army to withdraw from Nanchang and head southward for Guangdong, with the intention of using the province as the base to continue the Northern Expedition. From August 3 to 6, the uprising troops pulled out of Nanchang.
In early October, they lost a number of engagements on the way southward. Some of the remaining forces made their way to the Haifeng-Lufeng region in Guangdong to continue their struggles. The other forces, led by Zhu De and Chen Yi (1901-1972), arrived at the revolutionary base in the Jinggang Mountains in April 1928, where they rendezvoused with the Autumn Harvest Uprising troops led by Mao Zedong.
The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shots of armed Communist resistance against Chiang's Kuomintang, and demonstrated the CPC's firm resolve to continue the revolution. From this point the CPC established independent leadership of the revolutionary war, and began to strive to seize state power through military action. It marked the birth of a new army of the people.
南昌起義
1927年，蔣介石、汪精衛(wèi)相繼發(fā)動(dòng)反革命政變，國(guó)共合作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)革命的模式因此而夭折。全國(guó)革命形勢(shì)陡轉(zhuǎn)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨面對(duì)血腥鎮(zhèn)壓被迫走上獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)土地革命、探索新的革命道路的艱難征程。在面臨被趕盡殺絕的危急時(shí)刻，1927年7月中旬，中共中央臨時(shí)政治局常委會(huì)決定：將黨所掌握和影響的部隊(duì)向南昌集中，準(zhǔn)備發(fā)動(dòng)武裝起義；在湖南、湖北、江西和廣東四省工農(nóng)運(yùn)動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)較好的地方發(fā)動(dòng)秋收起義。
1927年7月27日，周恩來(lái)等到達(dá)南昌，當(dāng)天就組成前敵委員會(huì)，加緊進(jìn)行起義的各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備工作。8月1日，以周恩來(lái)為書(shū)記的前敵委員會(huì)及賀龍、葉挺、朱德、劉伯承等人，率領(lǐng)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨所掌握或影響下的北伐軍隊(duì)2萬(wàn)多人在南昌舉行起義。經(jīng)過(guò)4個(gè)多小時(shí)的激烈戰(zhàn)斗，起義軍全殲守?cái)?000余人，占領(lǐng)了南昌城。南昌起義后，汪精衛(wèi)急令張發(fā)奎、朱培德等部向南昌進(jìn)攻。前委按照中共中央原定計(jì)劃決定率起義軍向廣東進(jìn)軍，計(jì)劃以廣東為基地再次組織北伐。8月3日至6日，起義軍分批撤出南昌。10月初，起義軍南下途中遭到失敗。保存下來(lái)的武裝，一部分進(jìn)入廣東海陸豐地區(qū)堅(jiān)持斗爭(zhēng)；另一部分在朱德、陳毅率領(lǐng)下，經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)于1928年4月到達(dá)井岡山革命根據(jù)地，同毛澤東領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的湘贛邊界秋收起義部隊(duì)會(huì)師。
南昌起義打響了武裝反抗國(guó)民黨反動(dòng)派的第一槍，宣告了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨把革命進(jìn)行到底的堅(jiān)定立場(chǎng)和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)決心，標(biāo)志著中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、創(chuàng)建人民軍隊(duì)和武裝奪取政權(quán)的開(kāi)始。從此，一支真正屬于人民的新型軍隊(duì)誕生了，這是在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨絕對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下、忠實(shí)執(zhí)行革命政治任務(wù)的武裝力量，是全心全意為人民服務(wù)的子弟兵。
