專項扶貧
專項扶貧是指專門針對貧困人口和貧困問題而設計實施的開發(fā)式扶貧政策措施。20世紀80年代初期，國家開始啟動實施“三西”農(nóng)業(yè)建設計劃和以工代賑計劃。此后，專項扶貧是指依托發(fā)展資金、以工代賑資金、少數(shù)民族發(fā)展資金、“三西”農(nóng)業(yè)建設專項補助資金、扶貧貸款貼息資金等財政專項扶貧資金而組織實施的扶貧工作。
與行業(yè)扶貧、社會扶貧所不同的是，專項扶貧的主要特點在于：（1）專項扶貧所需資金，主要來源于中央和地方預算安排的財政扶貧資金；（2）專項扶貧的實施一般采用項目形式（或單一項目，或綜合性項目）；（3）專項扶貧項目實施，原則上要求到村到戶，使真正的貧困村、貧困戶直接受益；（4）組織實施專項扶貧的行政機構(gòu)是各級政府扶貧開發(fā)領導小組及其辦公室，同時還包括各級發(fā)展和改革委員會、財政部門等。
2011年，中共中央、國務院頒布實施《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011-2020年）》，正式將扶貧開發(fā)工作劃分為專項扶貧、行業(yè)扶貧、社會扶貧三大塊，其中專項扶貧主要包括易地扶貧搬遷、整村推進、以工代賑、產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧、就業(yè)促進等內(nèi)容。2015年，《中共中央 國務院關于打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)的決定》進一步提出，強化政府責任，引領市場、社會協(xié)同發(fā)力，鼓勵先富幫后富，構(gòu)建專項扶貧、行業(yè)扶貧、社會扶貧互為補充的大扶貧格局。
Special Poverty Alleviation Programs
Special poverty alleviation programs are development-oriented, especially designed and implemented to help the poor tackle poverty problems.
In the early 1980s, the state launched an agricultural development program and a work-relief plan for the poor counties in Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Later, special programs were related to poverty alleviation work supported by development funds, work-relief funds, development funds for minority ethnic groups, agricultural development subsidies, and government-subsided discount loans for poverty alleviation projects.
As distinct from poverty alleviation through business development or with social assistance, special programs have the following features:
(1)The money needed mainly comes from the poverty relief funds appropriated from central and local budgets;
(2)Single or comprehensive projects are usually conducted to boost alleviation;
(3)The projects must be undertaken in the villages and by the households to ensure the truly impoverished are the direct beneficiaries; and
(4)The organizations in charge of project implementation include poverty alleviation leading groups and their offices, development and reform commissions, and financial departments under all levels of government.
The Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation of China's Rural Areas (2011-2020), released in 2011, defines development-oriented poverty alleviation as special programs, corporate support, and social assistance. Special programs include relocation, village-based poverty alleviation, work-relief, business development, and employment improvement.
The Decision on Winning the Battle Against Poverty, issued in 2015, emphasizes the responsibilities of the government and the roles of the market and social assistance, and encourages those who have become better-off to help those still lagging behind, so as to build synergy by integrating special programs, corporate support and social assistance.
