“四個問題”
以精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略來實現(xiàn)“兩不愁三保障”，消除絕對貧困，這相對于此前的貧困治理體系而言，不啻是一個難題，不僅需要加大資源的投入力度，而且需要在扶貧實踐技術(shù)層面進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。首先，精準(zhǔn)扶貧作為一項自上而下推行的社會政策，其本身就面臨科層結(jié)構(gòu)造成政策走樣的風(fēng)險。其次，在目前由且只能由政府主導(dǎo)的貧困治理體制下，貧困人群多元化的減貧需求亦面臨“政府失靈”的困境。再次，由于層級治理信息不對稱等問題的客觀存在，地方政府、扶貧對象等的機會主義行為也難以避免。這些都構(gòu)成了“精準(zhǔn)”的客觀障礙。在具體實踐中，這些難題集中體現(xiàn)為“扶持誰、誰來扶、怎么扶、如何退”四個問題。以習(xí)近平扶貧論述為根本遵循，脫貧攻堅系統(tǒng)性地破解了這四個問題在實踐中面臨的各種障礙。
具體而言，解決好“扶持誰”問題，要堅持精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧，逐村逐戶開展貧困識別，對識別出的貧困村、貧困戶建檔立卡，通過“回頭看”和甄別調(diào)整，不斷提高識別準(zhǔn)確率。解決好“誰來扶”問題，關(guān)鍵在于責(zé)任落實到人。全國累計選派300多萬縣級以上機關(guān)、國有企事業(yè)單位干部參加駐村幫扶，一線扶貧力量明顯加強，打通了精準(zhǔn)扶貧“最后一公里”。解決好“怎么扶”問題，要實施“五個一批”工程，即發(fā)展生產(chǎn)脫貧一批、易地搬遷脫貧一批、生態(tài)補償脫貧一批、發(fā)展教育脫貧一批、社會保障兜底一批，開對“藥方子”，拔掉“窮根子”。解決好“如何退”問題，一是設(shè)定時間表，實現(xiàn)貧困縣有序退出；二是留出緩沖期，在一定時間內(nèi)實行摘帽不摘政策；三是實行嚴(yán)格評估，按照摘帽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)驗收；四是實行逐戶銷號，做到脫貧到人。
Four Key Issues in Poverty Alleviation
To guarantee that the people have their basic living needs and access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing, and to eliminate absolute poverty, through targeted alleviation measures - this is a great challenge, as great inputs of resources and creative measures and mechanisms are required.
First, this top-down social policy might not be carried out to the letter due to the administrative hierarchy. Second, under the current government-dominated poverty governance system, the diverse needs of the impoverished people may face problems of "government failure." Third, due to the asymmetric information in hierarchy management, opportunist actions by local governments and the recipients of aid are unavoidable. All these pose objective obstacles to "targeted" assistance.
In practice, these obstacles often emerge as "four key issues in poverty alleviation" - who needs help, who provides help, how to help, and how to be removed from the poverty list.
To be specific, to find out "who needs help," it is necessary to identify and register poor villages and poor households, with timely adjustment through follow-up checks for accuracy.
To determine "who provides help," responsibilities have to be specified. Over three million officials have been dispatched to poor villages to reinforce the front line.
To answer the question of "how to help," five targeted measures are employed according to local conditions: boosting the economy to create more jobs for the disadvantaged, relocating those living under adverse natural conditions, providing eco-jobs for impoverished people, improving education in poor areas, and improving social security for poverty elimination.
As to the question of "how to be removed from the poverty list," a timetable has been set for the poor counties to be removed from the poverty list; there will be a grace period when they can continue to enjoy relevant preferential policies; strict evaluation will be conducted in line with relevant standards; and each person and each household will be removed from the poverty list only if they meet these standards.
