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Zeng Guangyue can finally heave a sigh of relief. Just a month ago, the chief of the 51-year-old Kunming Zoo in the capital of southwest China's Yunnan Province got a call from the city government that a plan to merge the zoo with the Yunnan Wild Animal Park had been dropped.
"This is the best result," says Zeng, head of the only zoo in the city of Kunming, which garners an annual income of some 20 million yuan (US$2.4 million) from more than 3 million admissions and ranks among the country's top 10 zoos.
But half a century after the zoo developed from a display with just four animals from four species into a property with 5,000 animals from 140 species, its superior agency - the City Bureau of Parks and Woods of Kunming - ordered it to give all its animals to the 150-million-yuan (US$18 million) Yunnan Wild Animal Park project, located on the city's outskirts.
Removing the zoo from near downtown Kunming is to "add more green space to the city" and "return the animals to nature," according to a leading bureau official.
But Xian Rulun, a 64-year-old retiree who used to work with the Kunming Zoo as a senior engineer, is not convinced.
"The zoo is a well-run public facility which belongs to the people and State," she says. "The wild animal park is a private enterprise. I could never understand why such a good base for zoological education and research should be dumped and its assets be given to a private entity - Huzhou Jinjing Investment Co Ltd from Zhejiang. Isn't this a drain of state property?"
The bureau official maintains that moving zoos out of the city and building wild animal parks "are a trend in urban development." Indeed, more than 30 wild animal parks have cropped up across the country, aside from the one in Kunming.
Unlike safari parks in Africa and in San Diego County in California where indigenous animals thriving in their natural habitat are viewed by visitors driving through in vehicles, in China, most such parks are simply artificial surroundings for animals to run loose, some experts point out. So there is no essential difference between such parks and zoos, except parks are farther out of ordinary citizens' reach and charge more for admission.
In Kunming's case, the zoo charges 10 yuan (US$1.25) for adults and five yuan (about 60 cents) for children, as compared to the park's 35 and 100 yuan (US$4 or 12) for locals and tourists from outside Kunming, not to mention its distance from the city.
The price gap indicates a conflict of interest between parks and zoos, observes Yue Weiping, director of the Kunming City Environmental Protection Committee for Urban and Rural Construction. As a public facility, a zoo focuses on education, research and other public interests, while a park as an enterprise is destined to pursue profits.
"So it is not appropriate for a wild animal park to be built at the cost of an existing and profit-making zoo," he says.
What is also outrageous, says Yue, is that the deal was largely kept from the public and the provincial government department in charge of the matter. And the two contracts signed for the "merger" are far from fair and equitable.
The first contract, signed between Jinjing company and Kunming City Bureau of Parks and Woods, stipulates that Jinjing is to lease "large and medium-sized" zoo animals for 60 years at 3 million yuan (US$360,000) per year. Neither party is to shoulder responsibility for the loss of any animal "due to natural deaths." All newly bred animals belong to Jinjing, which is to ensure the placement of 60 staff workers from the Kunming Zoo. Once the contract takes effect, the latter is not to put up a new zoo.
According to an investigative report by China Society of Zoos, no notary office would notarize the contract as it found the Kunming bureau is a government body and is not in a position to sign such a business contract. Also, the 60-year lease period is not legal under the Contract Law.
The report adds that the Kunming Zoo is an independent, legal entity. Despite its supervision of the zoo, the bureau cannot sign business contracts on its behalf, especially when the zoo is not aware of the deal. What's more, animal leasing is in essence a transfer of intangibles such as the brand of the Kunming Zoo and great loss of State assets. When all the animals die in the end, the value of State asset will be zero.
To get the wild animal park going, a second contract was signed on April 2 between Yunnan Wild Animal Park and the Kunming Zoo. This time, the leasing was turned into "a transfer once and for all." The wild animal park shuns the duty for the placement of the zoo staff. And the zoo still shall not set up any new zoo.
"I was reluctant to sign the contract," says Li Yunkui, executive head of the Kunming Zoo. "But as a subordinate under the bureau, we had to obey the decision made by the managerial department of the city government."
The terms of the contract, says Yue, "ensure the park's business monopoly." For a matter that pertains to the interest of most citizens, like closing the Kunming Zoo, he says, should not be decided behind closed doors without discussions at the people's congress or the political people's consultative conference.
A team of deputies to Kunming City People's Congress and members of the local committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference investigated the issue, and agreed that the zoo - as an important venue for popularizing science - is a public asset and cannot be replaced by the park.
Amid all the debate, the park opened its door on its own on April 28 in an attempt to cash in on visitors during the weeklong May Day holiday. As local newspapers reported, the park accounted for about 80 percent of complaints lodged in the province during the holiday.
What's more appalling is the fate of animals in the park, who either fall sick or are dying, says a vet from the Kunming Zoo who helped with the park's construction. He says three spotted deer were knocked dead. One ostrich suffered a broken leg, while two black bear cubs, four eland and one chimpanzee died.
"A chimpanzee normally eats 7-8 kilograms of good apples a day, aside from some milk and beef. But here at the park it is only fed 3-4 kilograms of poor apples," says the vet who would not reveal his name.
It is no wonder that about two weeks after its opening, the park was suspended for a house cleaning.
Although the zoo is supposed to transfer some of its superfluous animals to the park to support it, Zeng Guangyue of the zoo says "so far we have sent none. It's basically settled that the zoo and the park are to co-exist independently from one another."
Fate of Beijing Zoo
Although the Kunming Zoo has been saved by overwhelming pressure from scholars and the public, it does not mean the fate of zoos in other Chinese cities has been settled.
Data from the China Society of Zoos show that at least 16 zoos across the country are moving or have been moved from urban center to make way for urban construction and real estate development.
"After moving to the suburbs, most of the zoos have been turned into enterprise-like entities or wild animal parks, with admission fees rising at least five to 10 times the original," a society staffer said.
The distribution of the wild animal parks isn't planned. In Southwest China, five such parks were built in a matter of three years. In South China's Hainan Island, there are three of them in a distance of 10 kilometers from one another. Insiders estimate that two-thirds of the wild animal parks are barely able to survive.
Nevertheless, one after another city is deciding to remove its zoo from the city environs. This is because developers have been coveting the sites of the zoos, since they have gradually become closer to downtown areas in the course of urban expansion, observes Liu Nonglin, senior engineer with the Society.
A late pending case is the Beijing Zoo, largely regarded as the national zoo since it was built in 1906 during the late Qing Dynasty. Words started to leak out in late April that the country's first zoo was about to be moved 35 kilometers away to Daxing District in Beijing's southern suburbs and merge with the wild animal park there.
Officials from the Beijing Development and Reform Committee justify the motion on the ground that, given its current location, the zoo is a threat to public health and adds pressure to already intense traffic. They also say that confining the over 6,000 animals of more than 500 species to a small area of 93 hectares in downtown Beijing is no good to their welfare.
"These are but far-fetched and misleading excuses," says Liu Nonglin. "City and road development have more to do with city planning than the location of a zoo. And removing a zoo does not necessarily lead to improvement of animal welfare."
Other experts point out that the ground in Daxing is sandy and can hardly hold water. The wild animal park there has to pave the ground with plastic film to store water. "How can a zoo be put up in such a place?" Liu queries.
"As far as I know," he adds, "those who are most interested in the moving of Beijing Zoo are real estate developers desperate for land." He challenges the wisdom of the removal motion, warning that the wild animal park at Daxing is 200 million yuan (US$24 million) in debt to the bank and its staff workers haven't been paid for three successive months.
He and more and more people are also against the practice to keep plans of zoo removals a secret, even not consulting the zoo management. Some activists have tried to involve the public in discussions of whether the zoo should be removed.
As a latest development, a spokesman from the State Administration of Forestry said at a news conference the administration would send experts to attend the debate on the removal of Beijing Zoo. "Any sites could be alternatives for the zoo so long as it is good for animal habitation and breeding. In the meantime, opinions from citizens should also be considered," says Zhao Xueming, deputy chief of the administration.
The survival of Kunming Zoo is certainly encouragement to activists who wish to keep the Beijing Zoo in place. As Liu Nonglin points out, the final decision will be crucial since it will have a ripple effect throughout the nation.
(China Daily June 29, 2004)
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