《2013年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調整字號大小: 
| 五、人身權利 | V. Rights of the Person |
| 生命健康權、人身自由權、人格尊嚴權等人身權利的保護狀況，是衡量一個國家人權保護水平的最重要的標尺之一。2013年，中國廢止勞動教養制度，采取專項行動打擊拐賣犯罪、查找解救被拐婦女兒童，依法懲處嚴重侵害公民人身權利的犯罪，完善冤假錯案防止、糾正機制，多措并舉保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和被羈押人的人身權利，加大安全生產、食品藥品等重點領域執法力度，公民人身權利得到切實保障。 | The effectiveness of a country's protection of its citizens' rights of life and health, of personal liberty, of personal dignity and other rights of the person is one important gauge of examining that nation's human rights protection effort. In 2013 China abolished the reeducation through labor system, waged special campaigns against human trafficking, searched for and rescued abducted and trafficked women and children, punished serious violations of its citizens' rights of the person in accordance with the law, improved the mechanism for preventing and rectifying unjust, false and erroneous charges, took various measures in ensuring the rights of suspects, defendants and detainees, and strengthened law-enforcement in key areas such as workplace safety, and food and drug production, effectively safeguarding the Chinese citizens' rights of the person. |
| 在中國，實行了50多年的勞動教養制度在特定條件下為維護社會治安秩序、確保社會穩定、教育挽救違法人員發揮了積極作用。隨著治安管理處罰法、禁毒法等法律的施行和刑法的不斷完善，以及相關法律的有機銜接，勞動教養制度的作用逐漸被取代，勞動教養措施的使用逐年減少。自2013年3月起，各地基本停止使用勞動教養。2013年12月28日全國人大常委會通過廢止有關勞動教養法律規定的決定，廢止了勞動教養制度；并對正在被依法執行勞動教養的人員，解除勞動教養，剩余期限不再執行。 | With over 50 years of operation in China, the system of reeducation through labor played a positive role in protecting public security, maintaining social order, ensuring social stability, and educating and rescuing lawbreakers in certain historical circumstances. But over time its functions were gradually replaced with the implementation of laws such as the Law on Penalties for Administration of Public Security and the Law on Narcotics Control, and also with the improvements in the Criminal Law. Also, as the relevant laws became increasingly applicable in cases of reeducation through labor, the correction system played a lesser role over the years. Since March 2013 the system has been basically suspended in China. On December 28, 2013 the Standing Committee of the NPC passed a decision on abolishing legal provisions pertaining to reeducation through labor, putting an end to the system. It was also decided that persons who were receiving reeducation through labor as prescribed by law should be released and exempted from their remaining terms. |
| 婦女兒童的人身權利得到有效保障。國家制定實施《中國反對拐賣人口行動計劃（2013－2020年）》。2013年，全國共偵破拐賣婦女案件5,126起、拐賣兒童案件2,765起；利用全國公安機關打拐DNA信息系統為631名兒童找到親生父母。制定依法懲治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意見，嚴厲打擊性侵幼女、校園性侵等犯罪行為，起訴拐賣婦女兒童犯罪嫌疑人2,395人。 | The rights of the person of women and children have been effectively protected. The state has implemented China's Action Plan Against Human Trafficking (2013-2020). In 2013 China cracked 5,126 and 2,765 cases of abducted and trafficked women and children, respectively, and united 631 abducted children with their biological parents through the DNA database network of public security organs. The state has issued opinions on punishing crimes of sexually assaulting minors, in accordance with the law, and rigorously cracks down upon such crimes as sexually assaulting girls under the age of 14 and teachers sexually assaulting students. In 2013 criminal charges were pressed against 2,395 persons suspected of abducting and trafficking women and children. |
| 精神障礙患者人身自由等權利得到特別保護。精神衛生法于2013年5月1日開始實施，精神障礙的住院治療實行自愿原則和盡可能限制非自愿醫療原則，禁止利用約束、隔離等保護性醫療措施懲罰精神障礙患者，醫療機構不得強迫精神障礙患者從事生產勞動。 | Special emphasis has been given to the protection of the rights of the person of people with mental disorders. The Law on Mental Health came into effect May 1, 2013, and applies the principles of free will and restriction on involuntary hospitalization for patients with mental disorders. It is prohibited to use constraints and isolation and other protective measures as means for punishing mentally disturbed patients, and medical institutions are not allowed to force their patients with mental disorders to engage in production or other kinds of labor. |
| 依法懲處嚴重影響人民群眾安全感、侵害公民人身權利的犯罪。2013年，全國各級檢察機關批準逮捕嚴重暴力犯罪、黑惡勢力犯罪、多發性侵財犯罪、毒品犯罪嫌疑人500,055人，提起公訴580,485人。各級人民法院全年審結殺人、搶劫、綁架、爆炸、強奸、拐賣婦女兒童、黑社會性質組織犯罪等案件25萬件，判處罪犯32.5萬人。 | The state punishes crimes seriously undermining the people' s sense of security and infringing upon the citizens' rights of the person. In 2013 China's procuratorial organs at all levels issued arrest warrants for 500,055 persons suspected of severe violent crimes, gang crimes, repeated crimes against property, and drug dealing. A total of 580,485 persons were indicted for criminal acts. People's courts at all levels concluded 250,000 cases of homicide, robbery, kidnapping, explosion, rape, trafficking of children and women, and gang-related organized crime, convicting 325,000 persons. |
| 防止和糾正冤假錯案的措施進一步加強。2013年,公安部發布《關于進一步加強和改進刑事執法辦案工作，切實防止發生冤假錯案的通知》等文件，深化錯案預防制度機制建設，加強對執法辦案全方位、全過程、即時性監督，從源頭上防止冤假錯案的發生。最高人民檢察院發布《關于切實履行檢察職能，防止和糾正冤假錯案的若干意見》，健全檢察環節錯案發現、糾正、防范和責任追究機制；嚴把事實關、證據關、程序關和法律適用關，對偵查機關不應當立案而立案的，督促撤案25,211件；對濫用強制措施、違法取證、刑訊逼供等偵查活動違法情形，提出糾正意見72,370件次；對證據不足和不構成犯罪的，決定不批捕100,157人、不起訴16,427人。保障犯罪嫌疑人訴訟權利和律師執業權利，監督糾正指定居所監視居住不當606件，監督糾正阻礙辯護人行使訴訟權利案件2,153件。加強羈押必要性審查，對不需要繼續羈押的23,894名犯罪嫌疑人建議釋放或者變更強制措施。注重保障被羈押人員合法權益，監督糾正刑罰執行和監管活動中的違法情形42,873件次；督促清理久押不決案件，監督糾正超期羈押432人次。最高人民法院發布關于適用刑事訴訟法的司法解釋共548條，這是新中國成立以來條文最多的司法解釋。非法證據排除、上訴不加刑等保護當事人各項訴訟權利的原則得以細化落實。2013年10月9日，最高人民法院發布了《關于建立健全防范刑事冤假錯案工作機制的意見》，堅持疑罪從無原則，規定對定罪證據不足的案件，應當依法宣告被告人無罪；采用刑訊逼供等非法方法收集的供述，應當排除；未在規定的辦案場所訊問取得的供述，未依法對訊問進行全程錄音錄像取得的供述，以及不能排除以非法方法取得的供述，應當予以排除。確保無罪的人不受刑事追究。全年各級法院依法宣告825名被告人無罪，并對在申訴中發現的冤假錯案，依法予以再審改判。 | Measures for preventing and rectifying unjust, false and erroneous charges have been further strengthened. In 2013 the Ministry of Public Security issued the Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving the Criminal Enforcement and Case Handling, and Effectively Preventing Unjust, False and Erroneous Charges and other related documents, in an effort to improve the system for preventing erroneous charges, reinforce supervision over law enforcement and case handling in an all-around, real-time manner that covers the whole procedure, and prevent unjust, false and erroneous charges at the source. The Supreme People's Procuratorate issued the Opinions on Diligently Performing Procuratorial Duties and Preventing and Rectifying Unjust, False and Erroneous Charges, and strives to improve the mechanism for identifying, correcting and preventing erroneous charges during the procuratorial phase and also the accountability system. It exercises strict supervision over case handling, to ensure that the facts are accurate, evidence genuine, procedures correct and laws applicable. In 2013 the Procuratorate supervised the withdrawal of 25,211 ineligible charges filed by organs of investigation; and rectified 72,370 occasions of misuse of coercive measures, collection of evidence by illegal means and extortion of confession by torture; decided against arrest on 100,157 occasions and against prosecution on 16,427 persons for lack of evidence and for cases that did not constitute crimes. The Procuratorate protects the right of action of suspects and the right of practice of lawyers. In 2013 it supervised the correction of 606 cases of improper surveillance of suspects who were confined to designated residences, and 2,153 cases of obstructing the exercise of the right of action by defenders; strengthened the examination of necessity for detention, and advised the release of or change of coercive measures for 23,894 suspects. The Procuratorate attaches importance to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of detainees. In 2013 it supervised the correction of violations of law during the execution of penalties and supervision activities on 42,873 occasions, urged the closing of long-pending cases with suspects in prolonged detention, and supervised the correction of extended custody on 432 occasions. In 2013 the Supreme People's Court issued 548 judicial interpretations on the application of the Criminal Procedure Law-the most judicial interpretations to a law since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The exclusion of illegal evidence, the principle of no additional penalty for making appeals and other principles that protect the litigation right of defendants have been implemented with detailed measures. On October 9, 2013 the Supreme People's Court issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Working Mechanism for Preventing Unjust, False and Erroneous Criminal Charges. Adhering to the principle of assuming innocence until proven guilty, the Opinions stipulate that the defendants should be acquitted in accordance with the law in case of insufficient incriminating evidence; confession extorted by torture or other illegal means should be excluded, as should confession obtained from interrogation sessions conducted at undesignated sites, from interrogation sessions the whole procedure of which is not videotaped, and from interrogation sessions in which the possibility of the use of illegal means cannot be ruled out. The Court ensures that innocent persons are not held criminally liable. In 2013 the people's courts at all levels acquitted a total of 825 defendants in accordance with the law, and ran retrials of unjust, false and erroneous charges discovered during appeal and quashed the original judgments in these cases. |
| 犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和被羈押者的人身權利得到更好保障。2013年，公安部制定《公安機關執法辦案場所辦案區使用管理規定》，規范辦案區的使用和管理，嚴格實行訊問詢問過程錄音錄像制度；實施新的《看守所建設標準》，深入推行看守所醫療衛生社會化，要求所有看守所都要向社會開放，提高執法工作透明度。人民檢察院按照“全面、全程、全部”原則，進一步完善了同步錄音錄像制度，切實保障犯罪嫌疑人的合法權利。 | Protection of the rights of the person of criminal suspects, defendants and detainees has been enhanced. In 2013 the Ministry of Public Security issued the Regulations on the Use and Administration of Areas and Sites for Law Enforcement and Case Handling by Public Security Organs, which stipulates the use and administration of areas for case handling, with a strict code for audio- and video-recording interrogation and inquiry sessions. The Ministry adopted a new version of the Standards for Building Detention Centers, vigorously promoted the use of social resources for detainees' medical care, and required all detention centers to be made open to the public to ensure a higher level of transparency of law enforcement. The people's procuratorates further improved synchronized audio- and video-recording system, effectively protecting the legitimate rights of suspects. |
| 針對生產生活領域存在的威脅人民群眾生命與健康安全的因素，國家加大了相關工作力度。立法部門針對人身安全領域的突出問題完善了相關法律。全國人大常委會制定了特種設備安全法，重點強化了特種設備生產安裝、經營使用、維護保養、檢驗檢測等全過程監管，確立了特種設備身份管理制度、質量責任追溯制度、產品召回和報廢制度等，依法加強特種設備安全監管，保護人民群眾生命財產權。執法部門持續強化全國重點行業領域安全排查治理工作，全年共排查治理隱患681.5萬項，整改率97.9%。加大事故查處和掛牌督辦力度，查處重特大事故44起，結案周期同比縮短109天，并及時公布事故調查報告。檢察機關同步介入重特大事故調查，立案偵查火災、礦難等事故背后的失職瀆職、受賄等職務犯罪案件1,066人。國家高度重視食品藥品安全，制定實施有關司法解釋，依法懲處危害食品藥品安全犯罪。各級檢察機關全年起訴制售有毒有害食品、制售假藥劣藥等犯罪嫌疑人10,540人，最高人民檢察院對785起危害食品藥品安全犯罪案件掛牌督辦。各級法院審結相關案件2,082件，判處罪犯2,647人。 | The state strengthened its efforts to defuse threats to people's security and health in their work and life. The legislature improved relevant laws for dealing with key problems related to personal safety, and the Standing Committee of the NPC enacted the Law on Special Equipment Safety, strengthening supervision and control over the whole process of the manufacturing and installation, operation and utilization, maintenance and care, and examination and testing of special equipment. The Law established an identity management system, an accountability system of product quality, and a recall and scrap system for special equipment, strengthening supervision of special equipment safety in accordance with the law so as to protect the people's rights of life and property. Departments of law enforcement continued to strengthen their troubleshooting effort in focus industries and areas, defusing hidden dangers on 6.815 million occasions with a correction rate of 97.9 percent in 2013. More effort was put into the investigation of accidents and a time limit was set for the cracking of related cases under the supervision of relevant authorities, and 44 cases of serious and major accidents were investigated and handled. The average period for closing a case was 109 days shorter on a year-on-year basis, and investigation reports of accidents were made public in a timely manner. Procuratorial organs conducted immediate intervention in the case of serious and major accidents, and investigated cases of dereliction of duty, malfeasance, bribery and other power-abuse crimes behind fires and mining accidents, with a total of 1,066 persons investigated. The state attaches great importance to food and drug safety, and has issued relevant judicial interpretations for punishing crimes that harm food and drug safety in accordance with the law. In 2013 procuratorial organs at all levels pressed charges against 10,540 persons suspected of manufacturing and selling poisonous or hazardous food, adulterant drugs or drugs of inferior quality, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate set time limit to urge the handling of 785 cases of crimes that menaced food and drug safety. The people's courts at all levels concluded 2,082 relevant cases, with 2,647 persons convicted. |
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