2012年美國的人權紀錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012

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美國居民悼念槍擊事件死難者：2012年12月15日，在美國康涅狄格州紐敦市，兩名女子在悼念該州桑迪胡克小學槍擊案遇難者的活動上痛哭。[新華社]

一、關于生命與人身安全	I. On Life and Personal Security
2012年，美國暴力犯罪問題嚴重，使用槍支的犯罪案件頻繁發生，公民的生命與人身安全沒有得到應有保障。	The U.S. was haunted by serious violent crimes in 2012 with frequent occurrence of firearms-related criminal cases. Its people's lives and personal security were not duly protected.
美國聯邦調查局2012年9月的統計顯示，2011年，美國共發生暴力犯罪案件約1203564起，相當于每10萬居民386.3起。在向執法部門報告的暴力犯罪案件中，嚴重暴力攻擊案件比例高達62.4%，暴力搶劫案占29.4%，強奸案占6.9%，謀殺案占1.2%。使用槍支的犯罪在謀殺案中占67.7%，在搶劫案中占41.3%，在所有犯罪案件中占21.2%。	According to statistics released by the FBI in September 2012, an estimated 1,203,564 violent crimes occurred in the U.S. in 2011, about 386.3 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants. Aggravated assaults accounted for 62.4 percent of violent crimes reported to law enforcement. Robbery reached 29.4 percent of violent crimes, forcible rape accounted for 6.9 percent, and murder amounted to 1.2 percent of estimated violent crimes in 2011. And firearms were used in 67.7 percent of the nation' s murders, 41.3 percent of robberies, and 21.2 percent in all crimes in the U.S.
美國是世界上人均擁有槍支最多的國家。美國有線電視新聞網2012年7月23日報道稱，美國公民手中約有2.7億支槍，每年有10余萬人遭遇槍擊，2010年有3萬多人死于槍傷。然而，美國在槍支管理方面少有作為。2008年和2010年，美國最高法院就兩起持槍案作出裁決，裁定州和地方政府限制公民擁有槍支的法律違憲。大約有一半的州修法允許槍支擁有者在大多數公共場所公開攜帶槍支。許多州的法律允許公民在受到威脅的情況下開槍，即使在他們不用武力能夠逃離威脅的情況下也可以開槍。據《印度教徒報》網站2012年8月7日的文章，若按人口計算，美國部分地區的民眾比伊拉克或阿富汗等戰亂地區的民眾更有可能成為與槍支有關的兇殺案的受害者。2013年1月16日，美國總統公布了23條可以立即采取的與控槍相關的舉措并簽署了其中的三條，但輿論普遍認為，控槍舉措將遭遇極大阻力。	Americans are the most heavily armed people in the world per capita. According to a CNN report on July 23, 2012, there were an estimated 270 million guns in the hands of civilians in the U.S. and more than 100,000 people were shot by guns each year. In 2010, there were more than 30,000 deaths caused by firearms. However, the U.S. government has done little in gun control. In 2008 and 2010 landmark Supreme Court rulings on two firearms-related cases dramatically diminished the authority of state and local governments to limit gun ownership. Roughly half of the 50 U.S. states have adopted laws allowing gun owners to carry their guns openly in most public places. And many states have 'stand your ground' laws that allow people to kill if they come under threat, even, in some cases, if they can escape the threat without violence. According to an article on the website of the Hindu on August 7, 2012, in population-adjusted terms, civilians in some parts of the U.S. are more likely to become the victim of a firearms-related murder than their counterparts in war-torn regions like Iraq or Afghanistan. On January 16, 2013, the U.S. president announced 23 steps on gun control to take immediately without congressional approval. And the president signed three of the measures. But the public opinion generally believes that the gun-control measures will encounter great resistance.
《今日美國報》網站2012年10月17日報道稱，2011年，美國的暴力犯罪增長17%。槍擊暴力犯罪是對美國公民生命和人身安全最嚴重的威脅之一。據統計，2011年美國發生的謀殺案中有14612名受害者，其中9903人與槍擊有關。（見注1）2012年，美國發生了更多的槍擊暴力犯罪案件。據紐約市警察局2012年9月2日的統計數據顯示，紐約市已經發生1001起槍擊案，比2011年同期上升了3.4%。（見注2）據芝加哥警察局網站的統計，2012年，芝加哥共發生2460起槍擊案件，同比增長10%。有的槍擊案十分血腥和恐怖，如科羅拉多州影院槍擊案和康涅狄格州校園槍擊案。	According to a report on the USA Today's website on October 17, 2012, the violent crime rate went up 17 percent in 2011. Firearms-related violent crimes posed as one of the most serious threats to the lives and personal security of the U.S. citizens. Statistics showed that an estimated 14,612 people fell victims of murder in 2011 and 9,903 of them were firearms-related murder victims (Website of the Congressional Research service, www.fas.org, November 14, 2012). The U.S. witnessed more firearms-related violent crimes in 2012. According to NYPD statistics published on September 2, 2012, there had been 1,001 shootings so far that year in New York, about 3.4 percent more than the 968 reported at the same time the previous year (NY Daily News, September 9, 2012). According to statistics from the website of Chicago Police Department, there were 2,460 shooting incidents in Chicago in 2012, up 10 percent year on year. Some of the shootings were quite bloody and terrifying, such as the movie theater shooting in Colorado and the school shooting in Connecticut.
2012年7月20日，24歲的詹姆斯·霍姆斯手持一支AR-15步槍、一支獵槍和至少1把手槍進入科羅拉多州奧羅拉市一家電影院，對正在觀看電影的觀眾進行掃射，導致12人身亡，59人受傷。有目擊者回憶說：“他簡直就像在狩獵季中打獵一樣射殺眾人。”美國有線電視新聞網7月21日報道稱，執法部門資料顯示，這些武器都是詹姆斯·霍姆斯此前6個月內在丹佛地區的體育用品商店內合法購買的。據美國有線電視新聞網2012年7月23日報道，紐約市長邁克爾·布隆伯格在科羅拉多州槍擊案發生后說：“我認為世界上沒有哪個發達國家還存在像我們這樣嚴重的問題。”	On July 20, 2012, James E. Holmes, 24, entered a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, carrying an AR-15 rifle, a 12-gauge shotgun and at least one handgun. He sprayed people at the theater who were watching a movie, leaving at least 12 dead and 59 wounded. A witness said: "He was just literally shooting everyone, like hunting season." According to a CNN report on July 21, law enforcement documents showed that the weapons were purchased legally by Holmes at sporting goods stores in the Denver area over a six-month period before the shooting happened. According to a CNN report on July 23, in wake of the shooting rampage in Colorado, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "I don't think there's any other developed country in the world that has remotely the problem we have."
2012年12月14日，20歲的亞當·蘭扎手持一支步槍和兩支手槍闖入康涅狄格州紐敦市桑迪胡克小學，槍殺20名兒童和6名教職工，兇手也自殺身亡，之前他還槍殺了自己的母親。這是造成2007年32人喪生的弗吉尼亞理工大學的校園槍殺案之后又一嚴重的校園槍擊案。注1：美國科學家聯合會網站（www.fas.org），2012年11月14日。注2：《紐約每日新聞報》，2012年9月9日。	On December 14, 2012, 20-year-old Adam Lanza fatally shot 20 children and six adult staff members at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. He committed suicide after that. But before he came to the school, he had shot and killed his mother. The incident was the second deadliest school shooting in the U.S. history, after the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre which left 32 killed.
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