Some age-old ballads are still popular among the Tujia ethnic group
in the mountains of the Three Gorges area. In fact, it is said that
they have been passed down from the ancient Ba people.
The belligerent but courageous Ba people sang their songs during
fights with the neighboring Chu State. The songs were later spread
to the central plains. They used a pass in the Qutang Gorge to
confront and escape from the Chu soldiers.
At
the end of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), Liu Yuxi, a poet demoted
from his post at the royal court, disembarked at the Qutang Gorge
and trekked through countless mountains and rivers around the
Gorge, learning to sing traditional ballads, writing many of them
down. Years later, his style became one to be followed by other
literary figures. Liu created "zhuzhici", referring to the
ancient folk songs with love as their theme. For this reason, Liu's
statue was erected in a temple beside the Qutang Gorge, which can
still be seen today.
History recorded the words of Song Yu, a scholar of the Chu State
in the later Warring States Period (475 BC 221 BC), when he spoke
to the Chu King and said: "There was a singer who sang songs in the
capital. He started out singing Song of the Rustic Poor' (which was
popular in the Ba State) and his followers were in their
thousands," suggesting the influence of Ba songs on the Chu
people.
The zhuzhici folk songs were passed down for thousands of
years. Today the songs and dances in Yichang, Hubei Province, an
old haunt of the Chu, still preserve much of the primitivism of the
ancient Ba people. However, something modern was also added.
In
278 BC, the Chu poet, Qu Yuan committed suicide by jumping into the
Miluo River. His death was barely noticed at a time when death in
war was frequent and the Chu State was on the edge of collapse. But
his name was not forgotten, and even mentioned 2,000 years later,
because he left, to later generations, magical and powerful poems
and his thoughts on the mysteries of life.
Qu
Yuan might have been one of the first poets to decipher the Ba
songs. Or maybe he created those songs himself. He portrayed
vividly the behavior and customs of the ancient Ba people from the
gorges with his magical words.
The poet is still worshipped in the Qu Yuan Temple of Zigui County,
Hubei Province. Lepingli was thought to be his hometown. However,
an archaeological excavation in 1997 broke people's perception
about Qu Yuan's life. In Lepingli, archaeologists found, to their
disappointment, no ruins of the Chu culture that they had imagined
had been there. One of them, Lin Chun, even jokingly called Qu Yuan
a "non-native" of the place. Where did Qu Yuan come from then? Some
relics excavated there were related to the Ba culture and shed some
light on the subject.
As
a poet of overflowing brilliance, Qu Yuan was highly regarded by
the Chu King. However, he was still unpopular with mainstream
society. This might have been largely due to his parentage.
Documents show that one of Qu Yuan's ancestors was a witch in the
Ba State, which could explain the deity or wizardry in his poems.
The origin of Qu Yuan can hardly be clarified today, but his poems
were widely read and appreciated by later generations. As a
vanguard in Chinese culture, the Ba people undoubtedly affected the
civilization process of the Yangtze River valley area and even the
central plains.
Archaeology and museums help mankind to understand their past
better and to help interpret the present and future. In one museum
it is possible to see unearthed articles, mainly musical
instruments such as a bell, zheng (bell-shaped percussion
instrument with a handle, used in ancient times by troops on
marches) and chunyu (a kind of bronze musical instrument).
What's most attractive is a 14-piece chime, which is totally
different from those previously found like the Chu chime in shape,
design or decoration. As musical instruments in the past symbolized
power and status, it is possible to infer that these unearthed
articles belong to a monarch and high-ranking officials of the Ba
State. The delicate relics possibly remove doubts about the
existence of a capital of the ancient Ba State.
In
production technology, the Ba chime reaches a peak of perfection.
Musicians have found that each piece of the chime can produce
double sounds and cover a seven-note scale. The size of these
musical pieces decreases progressively, from 21 cm to 8.6 cm. Music
archaeologists have decided to categorize them into a special and
independent group.
Chunyu is another unique and typical musical instrument of
the Ba people, and found only in Sichuan Province. In the past, the
Ba warriors struck it during battle to produce a thunderous
lingering sound. As unique bronze ware of the Ba people,
chunyu was not brought to the Chu State and the central
plains. The state-of-the-art bronze product also reflects the Ba
people's worship of the tiger. The white tiger displayed on the
chunyu has a touch of modern art about it, with its eyes and
ears clearly portrayed. People can even count out the tiger teeth
from its open mouth.
Both the chime and chunyu disappeared in Chinese culture and
kept quiet in the ground for a very long time. When they did come
to light again, it was possible to believe they had just been
made.
The Ba people changed their capital several times along the Yangtze
and Jialing rivers and left to later generations a surprisingly
large number of bronze and pottery ware. The Ba State must have
been a brilliant kingdom in history, but as yet a complete city of
theirs has not been found. Have their city walls been buried
together with their history?
The architectural style of the ancient Ba people was largely
determined by their living environment. They selected a kind of
building that was built on wooden columns because they lived in
areas besides mountains and rivers. The lush nearby woods provided
them sufficient materials. In today's southeastern Chongqing,
western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and southeastern Guizhou, it is
possible to see large numbers of houses that rest on such wooden
columns. They are the residences of the Tujia ethnic group and
called "diaojiaolou".
Archaeological discoveries also prove that the ancient Ba people
lived in large groups of such houses on wooden columns. Therefore,
it was unnecessary for them to set up city walls, for steep valleys
and mountains that surrounded them helped to consolidate their
cities.
Also, the cities of the Ba people were not so isolated. The great
Yangtze River and countless brooks connected them. Consequently,
the Ba people developed trade and commercial activities. They
bartered local salt and cloth for outside commodities.
However, the billowing Yangtze River and frequent landslides must
have destroyed the dreams of the residents in the gorges area over
night. The sand and earth would take away the life and city of the
people. Should we imagine that these houses on wooden columns
represent the buildings of the ancient Ba people?
All the houses on wooden columns were built against the mountains,
with one upon the other, like sacrificial platforms soaring up to
the sky. The residents there still follow many of the customs and
living style of their ancestors. Though the Chu palace and Qin
cities disappeared long ago, film producers restored them according
to historical record. The architectural structure of Song and Ming
dynasty cities came down, in one continuous line, with that of the
Qin and Han cities.
The architectural style of the Ba people must also have affected
the buildings of the central plains. Archaeological findings have
shown that ancient tribes in the Yellow River valley made their
houses by ramming the earth, but some found architecture-combined
earth-ramming and timber structures. The combined style
predominated in ancient Chinese architecture for a long period.
(CCTV.com translated by Li Jinhui for China.org.cn, June 23,
2003)