. ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????¨ہ ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.

??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 622? ? 628? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???¨ہ ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 588? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????.

???? ??? ????

???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????.

??? ?????? ?? 91? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? 6 ??????.

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "???? ??? ????" ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???:

??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????

??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????

???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????.

?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????¨ہ ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (??????) ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????.

??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? "????? ???? ????" ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??¨ہ ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? (1815?)? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? (1849?)? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? (1934?) ??? ????? 1964?1985?1997. ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????.

?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????.