???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????.

????? ???? ????

??? ????? ???????? (???? ???????) ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 3000 ??? ????? ?????? ??????ɡ ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? "????" ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? .. ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????ɡ ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????.

????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? "???? ?????" ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????.

??? ??? 1368 ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? "????? ?????" ??? ??? 1420 ???? ????? ??? ?????? "????" ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????ɡ ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ???????? ??????) ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????ɡ ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? 8 ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 1949.

???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????.

????? ??????? ???????

??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????ɡ ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????ɡ ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????ɡ ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????ɡ ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 1911 ???? ????? ?????? ????.

?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1949 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 1949 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???ɡ ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????Ρ ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????.

??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 996? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? (960-1127) ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ?????) ? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????.

?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (1206 - 1911) ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? (1644 - 1911) ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????ɡ ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????.

?? 13 ????? ??? 1988 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????ɡ ?????? ??????ɡ ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????.

?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (??? ??? 1270) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????ɡ ?? ????? ??? 1280 ???? 1283 ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????ɡ ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 30 ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 300 ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??á ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? (???? ?????????) ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????ɡ ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????.

??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? (1966 - 1976) ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ??? 600 ?? 700 ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.