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國務院新聞辦公室2023年11月10日發布《新時代黨的治藏方略的實踐及其歷史性成就》白皮書。全文如下： | China's State Council Information Office on Friday released a white paper titled "CPC Policies on the Governance of Xizang in the New Era: Approach and Achievements." The following is the full text of the document: | |
新時代黨的治藏方略的實踐及其歷史性成就 （2023年11月） 中華人民共和國 國務院新聞辦公室 | CPC Policies on the Governance of Xizang in the New Era: The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China November 2023 | |
目錄 | Contents | |
前言 | Foreword | |
一、新發展理念全面貫徹 | I. Full Implementation of the New Development Philosophy | |
——經濟持續健康快速發展 ——基礎設施建設全面加強 ——絕對貧困得到歷史性消除 ——共同富裕程度顯著提升 | – Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development – Improved infrastructure – Eradication of absolute poverty – Promotion of common prosperity | |
二、精神文明建設成效明顯 | II. Notable Achievements in Cultural and Ethical Development | |
——社會主流價值廣為弘揚 ——優秀傳統文化煥發活力 ——公共文化事業蓬勃發展 ——文化產業發展勢頭良好 | – Promotion of mainstream social values – Revitalization of fine traditional culture – Vigorous development of public cultural undertakings – Sound development of the cultural industry | |
三、民族宗教工作扎實推進 | III. Solid Progress in Ethnic and Religious Undertakings | |
——中華民族共同體意識不斷鑄牢 ——民族團結進步持續鞏固 ——宗教信仰自由充分保障 ——藏傳佛教活動健康有序 | – Heightening the sense of Chinese identity – Further promoting ethnic solidarity and progress – Fully guaranteeing the freedom of religious belief – Conducting Tibetan Buddhist activities in an orderly manner | |
四、社會大局持續安定向好 | IV. Sustained and Stable Social Development | |
——社會事業全面進步 ——平安西藏建設卓有成效 ——治理現代化水平明顯提升 ——固邊興邊工作穩步推進 | – All-round progress of social undertakings – Steady achievements in building a safe Xizang – Considerable improvement in social governance – Steady progress in safeguarding and developing border areas | |
五、生態安全屏障日益堅實 | V. Stronger Eco-Environmental Security Barrier | |
——生態環境持續保持良好 ——生態保護與經濟建設相適宜 ——生態文明高地加快建設 ——美麗西藏建設釋放生態紅利 | – Sound eco-environment – Complementary eco-environmental protection and economic development – New measures to accelerate eco-environmental progress – Eco-environmental dividends | |
六、民主法治建設不斷加強 | VI. Strengthening Democracy and the Rule of Law | |
——社會主義民主建設深入推進 ——民族區域自治制度全面實施 ——依法治藏工作取得重大進展 | – Continuous progress in advancing socialist democracy – Full implementation of regional ethnic autonomy – Marked progress in the governance of Xizang in accordance with the law | |
結束語 | Conclusion | |
前言 | Foreword | |
黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，站在實現中華民族偉大復興的戰略高度，著眼于西藏同全國一道實現全面小康和現代化，高度重視西藏發展，親切關懷西藏人民。黨中央先后召開第六次、第七次西藏工作座談會，明確提出做好西藏工作的指導思想、總體要求和重點任務，為推進西藏長治久安和高質量發展、實現西藏各族人民對美好生活的向往、建設社會主義現代化新西藏指明了方向。 | Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has practiced a people-centered approach to development. With a strategic vision to rejuvenate the Chinese nation, and to ensure that the Xizang Autonomous Region will realize moderate prosperity and modernization together with the rest of the country, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the development of Xizang and focused its attention on the people in the region. The CPC Central Committee held the sixth and seventh national meetings on Xizang in 2015 and 2020 respectively, at which it established the guiding principles, overall requirements and priority tasks, pointing the way to lasting stability and quality development, meeting the people's aspirations for a better life, and realizing socialist modernization in the region. | |
中央第七次西藏工作座談會確立了新時代黨的治藏方略，并將其概括為“十個必須”：必須堅持中國共產黨領導、堅持中國特色社會主義制度、堅持民族區域自治制度，必須堅持治國必治邊、治邊先穩藏的戰略思想，必須把維護祖國統一、加強民族團結作為西藏工作的著眼點和著力點，必須堅持依法治藏、富民興藏、長期建藏、凝聚人心、夯實基礎的重要原則，必須統籌國內國際兩個大局，必須把改善民生、凝聚人心作為經濟社會發展的出發點和落腳點，必須促進各民族交往交流交融，必須堅持我國宗教中國化方向、依法管理宗教事務，必須堅持生態保護第一，必須加強黨的建設特別是政治建設。 | The seventh National Meeting on Xizang has outlined the CPC guidelines for governing Xizang in the new era as follows: ? Uphold CPC leadership, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy; ? Adhere to the strategy that stability in Xizang is paramount in the governance of the border areas and the country as a whole; ? Focus on safeguarding national unification and strengthening ethnic unity; ? Govern Xizang in accordance with the law, bring prosperity to Xizang and its residents, unite them in one mind, and lay a solid foundation for its long-term growth; ? Address both domestic and international imperatives; ? Focus on improving people's lives and strengthening unity in socio-economic development; ? Facilitate ethnic exchanges, communication and integration; ? Adapt religion to China's realities, and handle religious affairs in accordance with the law; ? Prioritize eco-environmental protection; ? Strengthen the Party, especially its political foundations. | |
新時代黨的治藏方略，立足中國特色社會主義實踐和西藏工作實際，深刻揭示了西藏工作的內在規律，科學回答了一系列方向性、全局性、戰略性問題，是中國共產黨領導人民治藏穩藏興藏成功經驗的總結提煉和創新發展，是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想關于西藏工作的集中體現，為做好西藏工作提供了根本遵循。 | These guidelines, grounded on the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the actual situation of Xizang, demonstrate a keen understanding of work related to Xizang. They encapsulate the CPC's past successes in stabilizing Xizang and its plans for future development. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, these guidelines provide answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing Xizang and are to be followed in all undertakings related to the region. | |
在新時代黨的治藏方略引領下，在全國人民大力支持下，西藏各族干部群眾團結奮斗，各項事業取得全方位進步、歷史性成就。西藏社會大局持續穩定向好、經濟建設全面快速發展、人民生活水平不斷提高、民族和睦宗教和順、文化事業繁榮進步、生態安全屏障日益堅實、邊疆鞏固邊境安全、黨的建設全面加強，與全國人民一道迎來了從站起來、富起來到強起來的偉大飛躍，踏上了全面建設社會主義現代化國家新征程。 | Following the CPC's guidelines for governing Xizang in the new era, and with nationwide support, officials and the peoples of the various ethnic groups in the autonomous region have worked together and achieved all-round progress and historic success in various undertakings. Significant progress has been made in stabilizing the social environment, achieving rapid economic progress, and strengthening the Party organization in Xizang, which has led to a better life to its people, amity among all ethnic groups and religions, cultural prosperity, sound ecological systems, and secured borders. Together with the rest of the country, people in Xizang have witnessed the tremendous transformation of the Chinese nation from standing up and becoming prosperous to growing in strength, and are now embarking on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects. | |
一、新發展理念全面貫徹 | I. Full Implementation of the New Development Philosophy | |
人民對美好生活的向往，就是中國共產黨矢志不渝的奮斗目標。西藏認真踐行以人民為中心的發展思想，全面貫徹創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發展理念，聚焦發展不平衡不充分的問題，優化產業結構布局，培育內生動力，徹底擺脫了束縛千百年的絕對貧困問題，“十三五”發展目標如期完成，經濟總量不斷邁上新臺階。 | The main driver of the CPC's endeavors is the people's aspirations for a better life. Xizang has followed the people-centered approach to development and applied the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development in full. It is addressing imbalanced and insufficient development, optimizing the industrial structure, and boosting growth. Xizang had long been plagued by poverty, but absolute poverty has now been eradicated. The region has now achieved all objectives for development set in the 13th Five-year Plan (2016-2020) as scheduled, and the economy is robust. | |
——經濟持續健康快速發展 | – Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development | |
經濟發展態勢良好。西藏緊緊圍繞使市場在資源配置中起決定性作用和更好發揮政府作用，深化經濟體制改革，統籌做好穩增長、促改革、調結構、惠民生、防風險、保穩定各項工作，經濟活躍度不斷提升。2022年全區地區生產總值達到2132.64億元，按不變價計算，比2012年增長1.28倍，年均增長8.6%，經濟增速位居全國前列。產業結構日趨合理，自我發展能力顯著增強。 | The economy has witnessed solid and steady growth. Seeing that the market plays the decisive role in the allocation of resources and the government better fulfills its functions, Xizang has extended the reform of the economic system, and coordinated the tasks of sustaining growth, promoting reform, making structural changes, improving people's lives, preventing risks, and ensuring social stability. As a result, the economy is growing more dynamic. In 2022 Xizang's GDP reached RMB213.26 billion, an increase by a factor of 2.28 compared with that in 2012 at constant prices, representing an average annual growth rate of 8.6 percent. Its economic growth rate ranked among the highest in China. The industrial structure is being rationalized and the capacity for endogenous development has been significantly increased. | |
特色農業優質發展。重點發展青稞產業、優質畜牧業、設施農業，告別靠天吃飯、靠天養畜的老路。一大批優質青稞糧油生產、無公害蔬菜種植、標準化奶牛規模養殖、牦牛藏羊養殖等農牧業特色產業基地建成。2022年，農畜產品加工業總產值達到60億元。 | High-quality development has been realized in agricultural industries that leverage local strengths. Developing highland barley industry, high-quality animal husbandry, and protected agriculture have been treated as priorities. The days are gone when the Tibetan people lived at the mercy of the elements. A large number of industrial bases have been built for agriculture and animal husbandry adapted to local conditions, such as the cultivation of high-quality highland barley, the production of edible oil, pollution-free vegetable planting, standardized dairy cattle scale farming, and yak and Tibetan sheep farming. In 2022, the total output value of farm and livestock products processing reached RMB6 billion. | |
工業發展富有成效。第二產業發展勢頭強勁，建立起富有當地特色的現代工業體系。2012年至2022年，工業增加值增長1.77倍，產業鏈深度和廣度不斷延伸。2022年，規模以上工業企業數量比上年增長1.1%，高新技術企業達15家。 | Progress has been made in industrial development. Secondary industry has achieved strong growth, and a modern industrial system with local characteristics has been established. From 2012 to 2022, the added value of industry increased by a factor of 2.77, and both the depth and breadth of industrial chains were extended. In 2022 the number of industrial enterprises of designated size (enterprises with a turnover exceeding RMB20 million per annum) expanded by 1.1 percent over the previous year, and the number of hi-tech firms reached 15. | |
第三產業活力增強。在中央支持下著力推動重要世界旅游目的地建設，拉薩雪頓節、日喀則珠峰文化旅游節、山南雅礱文化旅游節、林芝桃花節、那曲羌塘恰青賽馬藝術節等成為重要的旅游品牌。2012年至2022年，接待旅游人數從1058.39萬人次增加到3002.76萬人次，旅游收入從126.48億元增加到407.07億元，增長2.2倍。山南市乃東區昌珠鎮扎西曲登社區將雪巴藏戲與民宿旅游結合起來，走出致富新路。藏戲傳承人尼瑪次仁說：“舊社會，我們跳藏戲是為了讓農奴主高興，而今天表演，是為了讓我們自己和更多人過上美好日子。” | There is greater vitality in the tertiary industry. With the support of the central government, Xizang is being transformed into a world-class tourist destination. The Tibetan Shoton Festival in Lhasa, Mount Qomolangma Cultural Tourism Festival in Xigaze, Yalong Cultural Tourism Festival in Shannan, Nyingchi Peach Blossom Festival, and Nagqu Horse Racing Festival have all become flagship tourist attractions. From 2012 to 2022, the number of tourists to Xizang climbed from 10.58 million to 30.03 million, with revenues from tourism surging by a factor of 3.2 from RMB12.65 billion to RMB40.71 billion. Zhaxi Qoiden community of Changzhu Township in the city of Shannan is a base for promoting Yalong Zhaxi Xoiba Tibetan Opera, an item on the national intangible cultural heritage list. As more tourists go to the community to appreciate the opera, locals have begun to operate household hotels, which have become a major source of income. Nima Tsering, a leading performer of Tibetan Opera, said: "In the old days, we performed Tibetan Opera to please the serf owners. Today, we do it to help ourselves and others live a better life." | |
改革創新縱深推進。深化農村土地制度改革，重點健全承包土地合同管理、經營權流轉管理、權屬登記管理等制度。2014年，曲水縣白堆村農牧民群眾領取到不動產權證書（土地承包經營權），這是西藏歷史上首次為農戶農村土地頒證。實施新型農業經營主體培育工程，家庭農場、農牧民專業合作社等逐步發揮其在農村改革中的示范引領作用。持續推進國企國資改革，做強做優做大國有資本，2022年，全區國有企業資產總額較2012年增長13.05倍。優化稅收營商環境，推進“證照分離”改革，深化“減證便民”，壓縮企業開辦時間。西藏各類市場主體從2012年的12.44萬戶發展到2022年的43.76萬戶。創新驅動發展，數字經濟增加值增長10%以上。 | Further progress has been made in reform and innovation. To expand reform of the rural land system, a significant effort has been invested in improving the management systems of land contracts, the transfer of rural land use rights, and ownership registration. In 2014, farmers and herders in Baidui Village of Quxu County received their immovable property rights certificates, which means they have the right to use contracted land. This was the first time in the history of Xizang that land certificates had been issued to villagers. A project developing new types of agricultural business entity is under way, and the leading role of family farms and professional cooperatives has been given full play in rural reform. Reform of state-owned enterprises and state capital has been extended and efforts have been made to strengthen, expand, and increase the returns on state capital. By 2022 the total assets of state-owned enterprises in Xizang had increased by a factor of 14.05 compared with 2012. The tax and business environment has been optimized. Reform of the system separating operating permits from business licenses has been advanced to simplify procedures and to reduce time for business registration. The number of different market entities in Xizang has grown from 124,400 in 2012 to 437,600 in 2022. Innovation drives development. The added value of Xizang's digital economy has increased by more than 10 percent. | |
投資金融進一步惠及民生。2012年至2022年，中央財政補貼累計達1.73萬億元。在國家財政支持下，全社會固定資產投資從2012年到2022年增長2.33倍。投資重點放在增強西藏經濟發展基礎和自我發展能力的基礎設施、公共服務等領域，在不同時期相繼安排一大批關系西藏長遠發展和人民生活的重大工程項目，極大改善了人民生產生活條件。招商引資累計到位資金4650億元，民間投資活力增強。金融機構組織體系持續改善，逐步形成銀行、證券、保險等多層次、多元化、多功能的金融組織體系，金融支持經濟社會發展作用明顯增強。 | Investment and financial services have brought more benefits to the people. From 2012 to 2022, a total of RMB1.73 trillion in financial subsidies from the central government went to Xizang. With the financial support of the state, investment in fixed assets increased by a factor of 3.33 times between 2012 and 2022. The investment focused on infrastructure, public services and other fields that could reinforce the foundations of Xizang's economic and endogenous development. A large number of major engineering projects related to long-term development have been set up over time, greatly improving the people's working and living conditions. A total of RMB465 billion has been invested. Private investments are thriving. The system of financial institutions continues to improve, and a multi-level, diverse, and multi-functional financial system has taken shape for banking, securities, insurance, and other relevant activities. The role of finance in supporting economic and social development has expanded significantly. | |
區域交流合作持續深化。加強與周邊地區交流合作，積極融入成渝地區雙城經濟圈、大香格里拉經濟圈、陜甘寧青經濟圈、長江經濟帶等周邊經濟圈，努力打造面向南亞開放的重要通道。啟動通關一體化改革，南亞標準化（拉薩）研究中心掛牌成立。吉隆邊境經濟合作區獲國務院批準設立，拉薩綜合保稅區通過國家驗收。吉隆口岸擴大開放為國際性公路口岸，實現中尼雙邊開放。2022年，西藏外貿進出口總值46.01億元，貿易伙伴遍及95個國家和地區。中國西藏發展論壇、西藏智庫國際論壇、中國西藏旅游文化國際博覽會、跨喜馬拉雅國際自行車極限賽等，已成為推動西藏與世界各地交流互鑒、合作發展的重要平臺。 | Exchange and cooperation with other parts of the country and the world has been strengthened. Exchange and cooperation with neighboring regions has been strengthened. Xizang has actively integrated itself into regional economic circles, including the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, the greater Shangri-La Economic Circle, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Qinghai Economic Circle, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It has worked to transform itself into a vital channel for the country's increasing opening up towards South Asia. Integrated reform of customs clearance has been launched, and the South Asia Standardization (Lhasa) Research Center has been established. The Gyirong cross-border economic cooperation zone was set up with the approval of the State Council. The comprehensive bonded zone in Lhasa has passed acceptance review. Gyirong Port has been expanded as an international highway port, realizing the bilateral opening up of China and Nepal. In 2022, the total value of Xizang's foreign trade stood at RMB4.6 billion, and its trading partners covered 95 countries and regions. Events such as the Forum on the Development of Xizang, International Symposium of the Xizang Think Tank, China Xizang Tourism and Culture Expo, and the Trans-Himalaya International Extreme Cycling Race have become important platforms for promoting exchanges, mutual learning and cooperation between Xizang and the rest of the world. | |
援藏工作成效顯著。堅持不懈執行對口援藏政策，從1994年至2022年，先后有10批共11900名援藏干部人才奮戰在高原各地。不斷加強同各對口援藏省市的協調，探索與援藏省市和中央企業協同發展、產業合作以及援藏工作管理新模式，統籌融合經濟援藏、產業援藏、科技援藏、就業援藏、扶貧援藏等，以及醫療、教育人才“組團式”援藏，實現從給資金、建項目的“輸血式”幫扶，逐步向產業培育、技術支持、人才培養等的“造血式”幫扶轉變。僅“十三五”期間，17個省市規劃安排援藏項目就達1260個，完成總投資200億元。 | Nationwide support for Xizang development has delivered remarkable results. Paired-up assistance from other parts of the country has made consistent progress. Between 1994 and 2022, a total of 11,900 officials and professionals were dispatched in ten groupings to assist Xizang. Coordination among provinces, cities and state-owned enterprises that assist Xizang has been intensified, and new models have been piloted in coordinated development, industrial cooperation, and management of paired-up assistance. Efforts have been made to coordinate assistance in the forms of financial aid, technical support, poverty alleviation, and facilitation of industrial development and employment, as well as sending teams of medical and educational professionals. The model of assistance has changed from one mainly relying on external support, such as providing funds and launching projects, to a self-sustaining model including developing industries, offering technical support, and nurturing talent. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), 17 provinces and municipalities launched 1,260 projects to assist Xizang, representing a total investment of RMB20 billion. | |
——基礎設施建設全面加強 | – Improved infrastructure | |
交通設施建設超常規發展。以公路為基礎，鐵路、航空、管道運輸協調發展的綜合交通運輸體系日益完善。2022年初，公路通車總里程突破12.14萬公里，其中，高等級公路通車里程達到1105公里，形成了以20條國道為主骨架，以36條省道、邊防公路、農村公路為基礎，基本輻射全區的公路網絡。鐵路營業里程從2012年的701公里增加到2022年的1359公里，青藏鐵路格拉段完成擴能改造，川藏鐵路雅安至林芝段全線開工、拉薩至林芝段通車運行，“復興號”開進西藏、開到拉薩。2022年，管道運輸量0.31億噸公里。西藏航空順利開航運營。國際國內航線達到154條，通航城市70個，民航西藏區局2022年旅客吞吐量達到334.6萬人次。 | There has been considerable progress in transport infrastructure. Based on highways and supplemented by railways, aviation, and pipelines, a comprehensive transport system has been developed and steadily improved. By early 2022, the total road length exceeded 121,400 km, including 1,105 km of high-grade highway. A road network covering the whole of Xizang has been formed, with 20 national highways as the foundation, supported by 36 provincial highways together with many border roads and rural roads. The railway network was extended from 701 km in 2012 to 1,359 km in 2022. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Xizang Railway has been renovated. The Ya'an-Nyingchi section of the Sichuan-Xizang Railway is under construction, and the Lhasa-Nyingchi section has entered service. The Fuxing high-speed train series is now operating in Xizang and reaches as far as Lhasa. The pipeline network transported 31 million tonnes-km in 2022. Tibet Airlines has been successfully launched, with 154 international and domestic routes connecting 70 cities. In 2022, passenger throughput handled by the Xizang Autonomous Regional Administration of CAAC reached 3.35 million. | |
電網工程建設取得重大突破。西藏電力實現從緊缺限電到富余輸出的歷史性轉變。先后建成青藏、川藏、藏中、阿里4條“電力天路”和“三區三州”電網建設等重點項目，在世界屋脊織起一張安全可靠的“光明網”“民生網”和“幸福網”，形成覆蓋所有縣區和主要鄉鎮的西藏統一電網，累計外送清潔電量130億千瓦時以上。通動力電的行政村比重達到96.5%，用電量從2012年的28.84億千瓦時增長到2022年的119.8億千瓦時，增幅連續多年保持全國前列。阿里與藏中電網聯網工程全線貫通，區內電網聯為一體，結束了阿里電網長期孤網運行的歷史。 | Major breakthroughs have been made in the construction of the power grid. Xizang has made a historic shift in electrical power from rationing to surplus output. The Qinghai-Xizang, Sichuan-Xizang, central Xizang, and Ngari electric transmission lines have been built. Major electricity grid projects in western and southwestern regions have provided Xizang with ample supply of power. A safe and reliable power grid covers all counties/districts and main towns/townships in Xizang. The grid, described by the local people as a "grid of light, livelihood and happiness", has transmitted more than 13 billion kWh of clean energy-generated electricity. Now, 96.5 percent of villages have access to three-phase power supply. Electricity consumption increased from 2.88 billion kWh in 2012 to 11.98 billion kWh in 2022, recording one of the fastest rates of growth in China for many years. The Ngari power grid, operating in isolation for a long time, has now been connected with the central Xizang power network, and thus becomes part of the integrated regional network. | |
水利設施建設取得嶄新進展。“十三五”期間全口徑投資較“十二五”期間增長52%，建成一批標志性重大水利項目。拉洛工程入選全國有影響力十大水利工程，旁多、拉洛水利樞紐并網發電、灌區通水，湘河水利樞紐及配套灌區工程開工建設。水利惠及更多民生，防洪減災成效明顯，河湖生態持續改善，農村飲水安全問題得到有效解決，城鄉供水保障能力顯著提升。 | Further progress has been made in water conservation facilities. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), total investment increased by 52 percent compared with the previous period, and several landmark water conservancy projects were completed. The Lalho project was selected as one of the top 10 water conservancy projects in China. The Pondo and Lalho water conservation projects are generating electricity and providing irrigation. The Xianghe River water conservation project and the supporting irrigation facilities are under construction. More local people are benefiting from water conservation. Flood control and disaster reduction efforts have become more effective and the eco-environment of Xizang's rivers and lakes has steadily improved. Safe drinking water is now available in most rural areas. The capacity to provide secure water supplies in urban and rural areas has been significantly increased. | |
數字基礎設施建設取得長足發展。自治區電子政務網、自治區統一基礎云平臺、自治區大數據控制中心基本建成，積極融入“東數西算”布局，西藏首個云計算中心建成，并獲評國家綠色數據中心。累計建成5G基站8099座、光纜線路近31.26萬公里。5G網絡實現縣區及重點鄉鎮覆蓋，移動信號覆蓋3A級以上景區，光纖寬帶、4G信號、廣播電視信號基本實現行政村全覆蓋。現代通信“云網融合”，實現尋常百姓與世界聯通。 | Digital infrastructure has made remarkable progress. The autonomous region's e-government websites, unified basic cloud platform and big data control center are largely complete. Xizang has actively participated in the national move to channel more computing resources from its eastern areas to its less developed western regions. It has built its first cloud computing center, and received the title of national green data center. A total of 8,099 5G base stations and nearly 312,600 km of fiber-optic cables have been built. 5G networks now cover all counties/districts and main towns/townships in Xizang. All 3A-level (and above) scenic spots now have mobile signal coverage. Optical fiber broadband, 4G, radio and TV signals cover almost all administrative villages. Modern cloud and network integration has enabled local people to connect with the world online. | |
——絕對貧困得到歷史性消除 | – Eradication of absolute poverty | |
脫貧攻堅全面勝利。西藏始終堅持精準扶貧、精準脫貧基本方略。落實“五個一批”脫貧措施，2019年底，累計實現62.8萬建檔立卡貧困人口脫貧，74個貧困縣（區）全部摘帽，徹底擺脫了束縛西藏千百年的絕對貧困問題。2022年脫貧人口人均收入達到1.38萬元，年均增長率高于農村居民人均可支配收入增長水平。脫貧群眾享有穩定的吃、穿、住、學、醫等保障，享有更加和諧的安居樂業環境、更加均衡的基礎設施條件和基本公共服務、更加完善的社會保障體系。 | Xizang has eradicated absolute poverty. It has implemented five key measures – new economic activities, relocation from uninhabitable areas, recompense for eco-protection, education, and social assistance for basic needs – through which people have been lifted out of poverty. By the end of 2019, through the basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation, the autonomous region had lifted 628,000 registered poor residents and 74 counties/districts out of poverty. This represented victory in the battle against extreme poverty that had plagued Xizang for thousands of years. The per-capita income of those lifted out of poverty reached RMB13,800 in 2022, growing faster than the per-capita disposal income of rural residents. Those people lifted out of poverty have reliable access to food, clothing, housing, education and medical care, more harmonious living and working conditions, more convenient infrastructure and basic public services, and a proper social security system. | |
鄉村振興加快實施。2021年以來，累計實施建設美麗宜居村300個，創建認定美麗宜居示范村505個；建設高標準農田，實施農機深松整地作業，建設國家級畜禽養殖標準化示范創建場，農牧綜合服務中心覆蓋所有鄉鎮；新型農村集體經濟組織達6172個，帶動農業生產組織化和規模化水平提升；著力發展高原特色產業和綠色有機產業，創建優勢特色產業集群4個、國家現代農業產業園7個、農業產業強鎮18個；脫貧攻堅成果鞏固拓展，脫貧人口外出務工穩定在20萬人以上，建設非遺工坊173個，帶動脫貧群眾實現居家就業、就近就業，譜寫了新時代鄉村全面振興的西藏篇章。 | Rural revitalization has accelerated. Since 2021, Xizang has built a total of 300 beautiful and livable villages and created and certified 505 demonstration villages. Efforts have been made to develop high-standard farmland through mechanical deep tillage, build state-level demonstration farms for standardized livestock and poultry husbandry, and provide all townships with comprehensive service centers for agriculture and animal husbandry. The number of new rural collective economic organizations reached 6,172, resulting in higher-level and larger-scale agricultural production. The region has developed local highland industries and green and organic farming. Xizang now hosts four special industrial clusters, seven modern agricultural industrial parks, and eighteen towns with strong farming industries. The region has consolidated and expanded the outcomes of the fight against poverty. More than 200,000 former victims of extreme poverty have found jobs outside their hometowns. A total of 173 intangible cultural heritage workshops have been built, offering opportunities for people who have been lifted out of poverty to work at or close to their homes. Xizang is turning a new page in all-around rural revitalization. | |
——共同富裕程度顯著提升 | – Promotion of common prosperity | |
收入水平高速增長。2022年，城鎮居民人均可支配收入由2012年的18363元提高到48753元，增長1.7倍；農村居民人均可支配收入由2012年的5698元提高到18209元，增長2.2倍；城鄉居民收入比由2012年的3.22降低至2.67，收入差距持續縮小；全體居民人均可支配收入由2012年的8568元提高到26675元。自2015年起，全體居民人均可支配收入增速連續8年居全國首位。 | Xizang has seen a rapid rise in incomes. By 2022, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents has risen to RMB48,753 from RMB18,363 in 2012, representing a 2.7-fold increase. The per-capita disposable income of rural residents more than tripled from RMB5,698 in 2012 to RMB18,209 in 2022. The income ratio between urban and rural residents dropped from 3.22 in 2012 to 2.67 in 2022, narrowing the income gap. The per-capita disposable income of the region's residents as a whole rose to RMB26,675 in 2022 from RMB8,568 in 2012, representing the country's highest growth rate for eight consecutive years since 2015. | |
消費市場更加繁榮。2022年，社會消費品零售總額726.52億元，比2012年的318.39億元增長1.3倍。2022年，貨運周轉量達130.88億噸公里，推動產地和消費地之間的有效銜接；全區郵政行業業務收入（不包括郵政儲蓄銀行直接營業收入）完成7.44億元，郵政行業寄遞業務量完成17882.59萬件，其中，快遞業務量完成1219.31萬件。19家大型全國性電商和物流快遞企業陸續落戶，冷鏈倉儲面積達11.3萬平方米。市縣鄉村四級電商服務全面推開，2022年，網上零售額達91.4億元。 | The consumer market has been more buoyant. The retail sales of consumer goods increased by a factor of 2.3 from RMB31.84 billion in 2012 to RMB72.65 billion in 2022. In 2022, total freight turnover reached 13.09 billion tonnes-km, effectively expanding links between centers of production and centers of consumption. The revenue of Xizang's postal services (excluding direct revenue of postal savings banks) reached RMB744 million, and 178.83 million courier delivery packages had been handled in 2022, including 12.19 million express delivery packages. Nineteen large national e-commerce and express delivery businesses have settled in Xizang, and cold chain storage space stands at 113,000 square meters. E-commerce services are available at city, county, township and village levels. In 2022, online retail sales reached RMB9.14 billion. | |
二、精神文明建設成效明顯 | II. Notable Achievements in Cultural and Ethical Development | |
全面貫徹新時代黨的治藏方略，需要各族人民堅定信心，團結奮斗，振奮精氣神，匯聚正能量。西藏大力弘揚社會主義主流價值，積極傳承和保護民族優秀傳統文化，大力推進公共文化服務體系建設，繁榮文化事業，發展文化產業，使社會主義核心價值觀真正深入人心，更好滿足各族群眾精神文化生活新期盼。 | We must make a concerted effort to fully implement CPC policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era and boost the morale and confidence of all ethnic groups. To better meet the new expectations of the people of all ethnic groups for a rich intellectual and cultural life, Xizang has vigorously promoted mainstream socialist values, inherited and protected its fine traditional culture, and developed a system of public cultural services. As a result, its cultural undertakings have flourished, its cultural industries have developed, and the core socialist values have taken root in the hearts of the people. | |
——社會主流價值廣為弘揚 | – Promotion of mainstream social values | |
核心價值觀引領綿綿用力。西藏堅持用中國特色社會主義共同理想凝聚力量，印發《關于貫徹〈關于培育和踐行社會主義核心價值觀的意見〉實施意見》，把堅持社會主義核心價值體系與學習貫徹習近平總書記系列重要講話精神結合起來、與貫徹落實中央重大方針政策和決策部署結合起來、與推進西藏改革發展穩定的實踐結合起來、與各項重大主題宣傳教育活動結合起來，加強黨史、新中國史、改革開放史、社會主義發展史、西藏地方與祖國關系史教育，幫助各族干部群眾樹立正確的國家觀、歷史觀、民族觀、文化觀、宗教觀，為建設社會主義新西藏注入強大精神動力。 | The guiding role of core values has been strengthened. Xizang has consistently built consensus and pooled strengths with the common ideal of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. It has issued the Decision on Implementing the Guidelines on Cultivating and Practicing the Core Socialist Values. The region has upheld the core socialist values, studied and implemented the essence of General Secretary Xi Jinping's speeches, and combined the core socialist values with the implementation of major policies, decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee, with the efforts in promoting reform, development and stability, and with major thematic publicity and educational campaigns. The region has increased educational activities on the history of the Party, the history of the PRC, the history of reform and opening up, the history of socialist development, and the history of the ties between Xizang as a region and the country as a whole, and helped officials and people of all ethnic groups in Xizang to develop a sound understanding of our nation and our country, and of history, culture and religion. This has all helped to inject strong impetus into the efforts to build a new socialist Xizang. | |
紅色文化教育發揚光大。2021年，西藏百萬農奴解放紀念館新館建成。全國援藏展覽館、西藏自治區“兩路”精神紀念館、布達拉宮雪城系列展陳館、江孜抗英遺址、拉薩市林周農場紅色遺址、尼木縣革命烈士陵園、波密縣扎木中心縣委紅樓、昌都市革命歷史博物館、江達縣崗托十八軍軍營舊址、改則縣進藏先遣連紀念館等，命名為西藏自治區愛國主義教育基地，為社會主義核心價值觀的培育提供了更加豐富的站點基石。 | Revolutionary culture and education have been promoted. In 2021, the building of a new memorial hall dedicated to the liberation of the million serfs in Xizang was completed. A number of exhibitions, museums and sites have been designated as education bases for patriotism, providing more resources for cultivating the core socialist values. They include the Aid-Tibet Exhibition Hall, the Memorial Hall on the Spirit of Builders of the Two Plateau Highways, the Potala Palace Snow City Series Exhibition Hall, the Site of the Battle Against British Invaders in Gyangze, the Revolutionary Site of Linzhou Farm in Lhasa, the Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery of Nyemo County, the Red Building of the Party Committee of Zamu County (today's Bomi County), Chamdo Revolutionary History Museum, the Site of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) 18th Army Barracks of Gamtog in Jomda County, the Memorial Hall of the Advance Company of the PLA in Gertse County. | |
——優秀傳統文化煥發活力 | – Revitalization of fine traditional culture | |
歷史文化遺產得到有效保護。西藏現有中國歷史文化名城3座，中國歷史文化名鎮5個，中國歷史文化名村4個。80個村落列入中國傳統村落名錄，29個村寨獲評中國少數民族特色村寨。現已調查登記各類文物點4468處，各級文物保護單位2373處，其中全國重點文物保護單位70處。布達拉宮歷史建筑群（含布達拉宮、羅布林卡、大昭寺）被列入《世界遺產名錄》。編制布達拉宮、羅布林卡、大昭寺、帕拉莊園等一批全國重點文物保護單位保護規劃，完成布達拉宮、羅布林卡等重大文物保護工程，實施文物保護專項監測。完成薩迦寺、桑耶寺等重大文物保護工程，對平措林寺、托林寺、科迦寺等文物建筑和壁畫持續開展保護修復，開展同卡寺、查杰瑪大殿、色拉寺等珍貴文物預防性保護項目。2013年起，10萬余件各類珍貴文物在數字化建檔中得到更加科學的保護。在阿里噶爾縣故如甲木墓地進行的考古挖掘，出土“王侯文鳥獸紋錦”和茶葉，充分證明早在1800多年前西藏西部就已通過絲綢之路與祖國其他地區建立了密切聯系。札達縣桑達隆果墓地考古發掘獲2020年度全國十大考古新發現。日益豐富的考古發現展現了中華文明的博大燦爛。 | Historical and cultural heritage is under effective protection. Xizang now boasts three state-level historical and cultural cities, five such towns and four such villages. Eighty villages have been added to the List of Traditional Chinese Villages. Twenty-nine villages were awarded the title of ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance. A total of 4,468 sites of historical or cultural interest of all types have been examined, registered and protected by the local county or district government. Xizang has 2,373 cultural relics protection units under the protection of governments at different levels, 70 of which are key units under state protection. The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa (including the Potala Palace, Norbulingka, and Jokhang Temple) are registered on the World Heritage List. Xizang has formulated a protection plan for key cultural relics units under national-level protection including the Potala Palace, Norbulingka, Jokhang Temple, and Pala Manor. It has completed major protection projects including those on the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, and launched special actions to monitor cultural relics. A project dedicated to protecting important antiques in Sakya Monastery and Samye Monastery has been completed. Xizang is carrying out ongoing restorations to historical architecture and murals in Puncogling Monastery, Tolin Monastery, Khorzhak Monastery, among others. It also carries out projects to preserve precious sites of historical interest such as Tangkar Monastery, the main Hall of Riwoche Monastery, and Sera Monastery. Since 2013, over 100,000 precious cultural relics of all kinds have been carefully protected through digital archiving. The tea leaves and the brocade with characters meaning "marquis" and bird and animal patterns unearthed during archaeological excavations in the Gurujamu Cemetery in Gar County of Ngari Prefecture prove clearly that more than 1,800 years ago, western Xizang had already established close ties with other parts of the country through the ancient Silk Road. The archaeological excavation of Sangmda Lungga tomb site in Zanda County was named one of the top 10 new archaeological discoveries in China in 2020. The rich archaeological findings fully testify to the splendor of Chinese civilization. | |
藏醫藥得到傳承和創新發展。2019年，國家投資10億元用于西藏藏醫藥大學新校區建設，該校累計培養了7000余名藏醫藥專業人才。截至2022年初，西藏公立藏醫醫療機構達49所，鄉鎮衛生院和村衛生室藏醫藥服務覆蓋率分別達到94.4%和42.4%。藏醫藥產業體系基本形成，實現藏藥生產標準化、規范化、規模化。先后整理出版300多部藏醫藥古籍文獻，收集珍貴古籍文本600多卷。藏醫藥學巨著《四部醫典》入選世界記憶亞太地區名錄。 | Tibetan medicine has been protected and developed. In 2019, the state invested RMB1 billion in the construction of a new campus of the University of Tibetan Medicine, which has trained over 7,000 medicine professionals. As of early 2022, Xizang hosted 49 public institutions of Tibetan medicine; 94.4 percent of town/township health centers and 42.4 percent of village health clinics in the region provided Tibetan medicine services. Tibetan medicines are now being produced on a commercial basis, and the production of Tibetan medicine has been scaled up, standardized, and regulated. Over the years, more than 300 ancient documents on Tibetan medicine have been collated and published. More than 600 volumes of rare ancient books have been collected, and the Four Medical Classics, a masterpiece in Tibetan medicine, has been included in the Memory of the World Asia Pacific Regional Register. | |
藏文古籍文獻和非遺得到保護利用。2013年，國家組織實施《中華大典·藏文卷》重點文化工程，計劃用15年時間，出版從吐蕃時期至西藏和平解放前的藏文文獻典籍，這是我國保護和弘揚藏族優秀傳統文化的又一個標志性工程。2012年至2022年，國家和自治區投入非物質文化遺產保護資金3.25億余元，用于西藏非物質文化遺產代表性項目保護、國家級非遺代表性傳承人記錄工作、開展傳習活動以及保護利用設施建設等。現有國家級非遺代表性項目106項、國家級非遺代表性傳承人96名，自治區級非遺代表性項目460項、自治區級非遺代表性傳承人522名。《格薩（斯）爾》、藏戲、藏醫藥浴法等已列入人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄。 | Tibetan classics and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are under proper protection and utilization. In 2013, the state launched a priority cultural project – Library of Chinese Classics: Tibetan Volume. According to the plan, the project would take 15 years to collect and publish important Tibetan classics for the period from the Tubo Kingdom (618-842) to the peaceful liberation of Xizang in 1951. This is yet another landmark project in protecting and promoting Tibetan traditional culture. The central government and the Xizang local government had earmarked over RMB325 million between 2012 and 2022 for protecting ICH items on the national representative list in Xizang, recording the knowledge and skills of the bearers of ICH items on the national list, training ICH practitioners, and building facilities for ICH protection and utilization. There are 106 ICH items on the national representative list with 96 bearers, and 460 items on the regional list with 522 bearers. Three items – Gesar, Tibetan Opera, and the Lum medicinal bathing of Sowa Rigpa of Xizang – have been registered on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. | |
藏語言文字學習使用得到依法保障。藏語言文字在衛生、郵政、通訊、交通、金融、科技等領域都得到廣泛使用。公共場所設施、招牌和廣告都可見國家通用語言文字和藏文標識，隨時可以收聽收看國家通用語言文字和藏語文的節目。中小學校均開設國家通用語言文字課程和藏語文課程。截至2022年底，西藏公開發行藏文期刊17種、藏文報紙11種，累計出版藏文圖書7959種、4501.3萬冊。2015年，國家標準《信息技術 藏文詞匯》正式發布。全國藏語術語標準化工作委員會于2018年發布《黨的十八大以來審定的藏語新詞術語》，包含藏語新詞術語近1500條；2022年發布《黨的十九大以來藏語新詞術語（漢藏對照）》，包含藏語新詞術語2200條。 | The study and use of the Tibetan language and script are guaranteed by law. The Tibetan language is widely used in fields such as health, postal services, communications, transport, finance, and science and technology. Both standard Chinese and the Tibetan language can be found on public facilities, signage and advertisements. Radio and television programs in both languages are available at any time. Courses in both languages are taught in primary and secondary schools. By the end of 2022, Xizang had 17 periodicals and 11 newspapers in the Tibetan language, and had published 45.01 million copies of 7,959 Tibetan-language books. In 2015, the national standard Information Technology – Vocabulary in the Tibetan Language was officially released. In 2018, the National Committee for the Standardization of Tibetan Terminology issued The New Tibetan Terms Approved Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which contains nearly 1,500 new terms. Issued in 2022, The New Tibetan Terms Approved Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Chinese-Tibetan) contains 2,200 new terms. | |
——公共文化事業蓬勃發展 | – Vigorous development of public cultural undertakings | |
公共文化服務體系日趨完善。基本建成自治區、市（地）、縣（區）、鄉（鎮）、村（居）五級公共文化設施網絡，實現市（地）有圖書館、群眾藝術館、博物館，縣（區）有綜合文化活動中心，鄉（鎮）有綜合文化活動站，村（居）有文化活動室。西藏現有10個專業文藝院團、76個縣區藝術團、153個民間藏戲隊、395個鄉鎮文藝演出隊和5492個建制村文藝演出隊，專兼職文藝演出人員超過10萬人。西藏農村電影放映全面實現數字化，全區478套數字電影放映設備，每年放映6.3萬余場電影。建成6263個縣鄉村三級新時代文明實踐中心（站、所）。開展中華優秀傳統文化進基層活動，提升基層文化設施服務功能，建強100個村級群眾性文化示范陣地。 | The public cultural service system continues to improve. There is a five-tiered network of public cultural service facilities in place, at the levels of village/community, town/township, county/district, city/prefecture, and the autonomous region. There are now libraries, people's art halls and museums in all of Xizang's cities/prefectures, all-purpose cultural centers in the counties/districts, cultural activity stations in towns/townships, and cultural activity halls in villages/communities. Xizang boasts 10 professional performing art troupes, 76 art troupes at the county/district level, 153 part-time Tibetan Opera troupes, 395 performing teams at the township level and 5,492 at the administrative village level, with over 100,000 professional and amateur performers. Digitized movie projection is fully achieved in rural areas in Xizang. The region has 478 sets of digital movie projection facilities and holds more than 63,000 movie screenings every year. A total of 6,263 centers (stations) for promoting cultural and ethical progress in the new era have been set up at the village, township and county levels. The region has carried out programs to keep fine traditional Chinese culture alive and strong at the grassroots level, upgraded cultural facilities at the village/community level, and built 100 village-level cultural demonstration bases. | |
文化藝術創作繁榮發展。推出歌舞晚會《共產黨來了苦變甜》《祖國·扎西德勒》《西藏兒女心向黨》，話劇《共同家園》《八廓街北院》，藏戲《次仁拉姆》《藏香情》，歌舞劇《天邊格桑花》等一大批堅守中華文化立場、彰顯時代精神、體現西藏特色、群眾喜聞樂見的優秀文藝作品。話劇《不準出生的人》、歌舞晚會《西藏兒女心向黨》、舞蹈《歡騰的高原》、廣場舞《奮進新時代》、少兒藏戲《喜迎新春》先后在全國獲獎。 | Cultural and artistic creation has flourished. With Chinese culture in mind, a number of outstanding literary and artistic works have been created, highlighting the spirit of the time and reflecting Tibetan features. They have proved popular with the general public. They include the song and dance gala Bitter Turns Sweet when the CPC Comes, Tashidelek to Our Country, and Affection of the Tibetans for the CPC, dramas such as Our Common Home and The North Yard of Barkhor Street, the Tibetan opera Tsering Lhamo, the Story of Tibetan Incense, and the musical theater Galsang Flowers at the Roof of the World. Among them, the drama An Unblessed Birth, the song and dance gala Affection of the Tibetans for the CPC, the dance Exuberant Plateau, the square dance Forging Ahead in the New Era, and the Tibetan opera Celebrating the New Year performed by children have won national awards. | |
體育事業快速發展。各類群眾性體育賽事活動豐富多彩，民族傳統體育得到傳承發展，山地戶外運動廣泛開展。競技體育水平逐步提高，“十三五”期間獲得國際國內賽事獎牌231枚。2018年雅加達亞運會，運動員多布杰奪得男子馬拉松賽銅牌，創造了我國男子馬拉松亞運會最好成績。2020年洛桑冬青奧會，索朗曲珍在滑雪登山女子個人越野賽和短距離賽兩個項目上創造了我國歷史最好成績。2021年第十四屆全國運動會，西藏代表團共取得3金1銀2銅的好成績。2022年北京冬奧會，西藏兩名運動員取得參賽資格，實現了西藏競技體育新突破。 | Xizang has seen rapid development in public sports. Various public sport events have taken place, with traditional ethnic sports promoted and mountain sports popularized. The region has gradually improved its performance in competitive sports. Athletes from Xizang won 231 medals at international and domestic events during the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020). At the 2018 Jakarta Asian Games, athlete Dobjee won the bronze medal in the men's marathon – the best result that China had ever achieved in this event in the Asian Games. At the Lausanne 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games, Sonam Chodron achieved the best result in China's history in two events: skiing and mountaineering women's individual cross-country race and short distance race. At the 14th National Games in 2021, the Tibetan delegation won three gold medals, one silver and two bronze. At the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, two athletes from Xizang qualified for the competition, representing a breakthrough in competitive sports for the region. | |
廣播影視出版事業發展壯大。廣播、電視綜合人口覆蓋率分別達到99.41%、99.56%。創作電影《布德之路》《我的喜馬拉雅》《七十七天》《寧都啦》，電視劇《呀啦索 幸福家園》，紀錄片《你好！新西藏》《西藏 我們的故事》《黨的光輝照邊疆》等優秀影視作品。截至2022年底，共有數字影院74家，銀幕191塊，2022年電影票房達3722.87萬元，觀影人次87.97萬。建好用好市地、縣區融媒體中心，建設推廣使用自治區級融媒體平臺“珠峰云”。積極創作播出中華優秀文化紀錄片，制作譯制民族語言廣播節目時長超15000小時，每年制作譯制民族語言電影80部以上，制作譯制民族語言電視節目時長達7300小時。現有各類印刷企業40家，各類出版發行單位219家，出版期刊231.73萬冊、圖書270.7萬冊，出版物銷售總額12.93億元，建成5400多個農家書屋和1700多個寺廟書屋，有力推動新聞出版繁榮發展，不斷豐富農牧民群眾的科學文化知識。 | Radio, film, TV, and publishing are expanding rapidly. The coverage rates of radio and TV programs are both well over 99 percent of the population in Xizang. Movies like Life of Budag, My Himalayas, Seventy-seven Days, and Fall in Love, TV drama Happy Home, and documentaries Hello, New Xizang, Our Stories in Xizang, and The Party Shines upon the Border have been produced. By the end of 2022, Xizang had 74 digital cinemas with 191 screens in total. In 2022, cinemas in Xizang netted total box-office receipts of RMB37.23 million with around 879,700 tickets sold. Efforts have been made to build and make good use of integrated media centers in cities, prefectures, counties and districts, and to build and promote the use of the integrated media platform "Everest Cloud" of the Xizang Autonomous Region. Many excellent cultural documentaries have been produced and broadcast. More than 15,000 hours of radio programs, 7,300 hours of TV programs, and more than 80 movies are translated or dubbed from and into minority languages every year. There are 40 printing enterprises and 219 publishing institutions of various types, releasing nearly 2.32 million copies of periodicals and 2.71 million copies of books, with total sales exceeding RMB1.29 billion. Over 5,400 rural libraries and over 1,700 monastery libraries have been built. All this effectively promotes the prosperity and development of the press and publishing business in Xizang and continues to enrich the scientific and cultural knowledge of farmers and herders. | |
——文化產業發展勢頭良好 | – Sound development of the cultural industry | |
文化市場活躍興盛。制定實施《西藏自治區人民政府辦公廳關于大力推進文化和旅游深度融合加快發展特色文化產業的意見》，出臺招商引資優惠政策，對在藏注冊的各類文化企業在金融稅收等各方面提供支撐政策，各類獎勵資金、扶持資金持續發力。截至2022年底，各類文化企業達8000余家，從業人員超7萬人，文化及相關產業增加值達63.29億元，擁有四級文化產業示范園區（基地）344家。7家關聯企業上榜“2021西藏自治區百強民營企業”，4家關聯企業上榜“2021西藏自治區民營企業就業20強”，1家民營文化企業4次榮獲“全國文化企業30強”提名企業。 | The cultural industry is prosperous and dynamic. The Decision of the General Office of the Xizang Autonomous Region on In-Depth Integration of Culture and Tourism to Accelerate the Development of a Cultural Industry with Distinctive Characteristics has been made and implemented. The region has introduced preferential financing and taxation policies to attract investment and provided policy support to cultural enterprises of all categories registered in the region. The region offers incentive funds and supporting funds to help them. By the end of 2022, more than 8,000 cultural enterprises had registered in Xizang, employing over 70,000 people, and the added value of cultural and related industries reached RMB6.33 billion. A total of 344 cultural demonstration parks and bases had been set up at four levels across the region. Seven associated enterprises were listed among the 2021 Top 100 Private Enterprises in the Xizang Autonomous Region, and four among the 2021 Top 20 Private Employers in the Xizang Autonomous Region. One has been nominated four times for China's Top 30 Cultural Enterprises. | |
重點文化產業項目推進順利。“十三五”期間，91個文化產業重點項目順利實施，總投資近500億元。“西藏寶貝”文化電商平臺、西藏文化旅游創意園區、西藏出版文化產業園、中國西藏珠峰文化旅游創意產業園區等平臺相繼建成。藏文化大型史詩劇《文成公主》及舞臺劇《金城公主》等一大批特色文化項目走向市場。植根于西藏文化沃土、具有濃郁民族特色和時代氣息的動漫、影視、唐卡等文化產品市場反響良好。 | Key cultural programs have been launched. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), 91 key cultural projects were successfully implemented, with a total investment of nearly RMB50 billion. The cultural e-commerce platform Treasures in Xizang, Xizang Creative Culture and Tourism Industry Park, Xizang Publication and Cultural Industry Park, and Mount Qomolangma Creative Culture and Tourism Industry Park, among others, have been instituted or built. Many characteristic cultural projects, such as the Tibetan epic drama Princess Wencheng and the stage play Princess Jincheng, have hit the market. Cultural products such as animations, films, television programs, and Thangka, which are rooted in Tibetan culture and capture distinct ethnic features and the characteristics of the times, have been well received by the public. | |
三、民族宗教工作扎實推進 | III. Solid Progress in Ethnic and Religious Undertakings | |
鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，是新時代黨的民族工作的主線，也是西藏工作的戰略性任務。西藏堅持鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，推動民族工作高質量發展，平等團結互助和諧的社會主義民族關系日益鞏固。西藏依法管理宗教事務，宗教信仰自由得到充分保障，宗教領域持續和諧穩定，宗教與社會主義社會更相適應。 | Developing a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the Party's top priority in managing ethnic affairs in the new era and a strategic task in governing Xizang. Committed to this mission, the region has strengthened its work related to ethnic affairs and consolidated the socialist ethnic relationship of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony. It manages religious affairs in accordance with the law, fully guarantees freedom of religious belief, maintains harmony and stability in the religious field, and helps religion to adapt to the socialist society. | |
——中華民族共同體意識不斷鑄牢 | – Heightening the sense of Chinese identity | |
中華民族共有精神家園加快構筑。西藏編寫出版鑄牢中華民族共同體意識系列讀本等民族團結進步教材和讀本，打造“互聯網+民族團結”交流平臺，開展“中華民族一家親、同心共筑中國夢”主題宣傳教育，引導各族人民牢固樹立休戚與共、榮辱與共、生死與共、命運與共的共同體理念。圍繞“西藏百萬農奴解放紀念日”“西藏和平解放紀念日”“民族團結進步宣傳活動月”等時間節點，在各級黨政機關、學校、企事業單位、城鄉社區等廣泛開展民族團結進步知識競賽、文藝表演等群眾喜聞樂見的活動。深化中華民族視覺形象塑造，建成中華文化主題公園，讓中華文化始終成為西藏各民族人心凝聚、團結奮進的強大精神紐帶。 | A shared sense of belonging for the Chinese nation has been consolidated. Xizang has compiled and published textbooks and readers on ethnic solidarity and progress, such as The Readers on Building a Stronger Sense of National Identity. Communication platforms featuring internet plus ethnic solidarity have been launched. The One Nation One Dream campaign was conducted in an effort to guide all ethnic groups to understand that they are in a community with shared joys and sorrows, and weal and woe. During major celebrations such as the Serf's Emancipation Day, the Peaceful Liberation Day of Xizang, and the Month for Promoting Ethnic Solidarity and Progress, Party and government departments, schools, enterprises, public institutions, and urban and rural communities organize popular activities such as knowledge contests and cultural performances on ethnic solidarity and progress. A theme park has been built to present a visual image of the Chinese nation as one community, creating a strong bond among all ethnic groups and inspiring them to move forward in unity and solidarity. | |
各民族交往交流交融更加緊密。因地制宜構建互嵌式社區，各族群眾共居共學、共建共享、共事共樂的格局已然形成，涌現出拉薩市河壩林社區等一批漢族、藏族、回族、蒙古族等多民族和諧街道（社區、家庭）典型。日喀則市仁布縣切娃鄉普納村59戶村民來自不同地區不同民族，村民們自發將民族團結寫入村規民約，約定每年召開民族團結座談會，凝心聚力共謀發展。促進各族學生共同學習、共同進步。在17個援藏省市建立西藏高校畢業生區外就業服務聯絡站，支持幫助畢業生就業創業，畢業生就業率連續多年保持在95%以上。鼓勵支持區外種養大戶、致富能手和涉農企業到西藏創業興業。西藏處處呈現出各民族共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發展的生動局面。 | Exchanges, communication and integration among ethnic groups have been strengthened. Local communities in the region have formed multi-ethnic neighborhoods, where people of various ethnicities reside, learn from each other, and enjoy life together. A number of exemplary multi-ethnic harmonious neighborhoods (residential communities/families) mixing Han, Tibetan, Hui, and Mongolian people, such as the Wabaling community in Lhasa, have emerged. Puna Village in Qewa Township of Rinbung County, Xigaze City, is a newly established settlement of 59 households from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The villagers spontaneously included the term "solidarity" into the community regulations and agreed to host a solidarity forum annually for consultation on common development. China has promoted mutual learning and common progress among students of all ethnicities. In 17 provinces and municipalities that provide assistance to Xizang, employment service and liaison offices have been set up for graduates of Xizang universities to find employment or business opportunities beyond their own region. The graduate employment rate has been maintained above 95 percent for years. Large household businesses in crop and animal farming, entrepreneurs, and agriculture-related businesses are encouraged to invest in Xizang. The autonomous region today is a place for unity, common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups. | |
——民族團結進步持續鞏固 | – Further promoting ethnic solidarity and progress | |
民族團結進步創建工作切實開展。廣泛開展民族團結進步模范區創建，大力推進各民族交往交流交融，推進民族團結市縣行活動。2020年，頒布《西藏自治區民族團結進步模范區創建條例》；2021年，出臺《西藏自治區民族團結進步模范區創建規劃（2021－2025年）》。西藏先后有140個集體、189名個人受到國務院表彰，榮獲全國民族團結進步模范集體（個人）稱號。拉薩等7地（市）均成功創建成為全國民族團結進步示范市。“民族團結杰出貢獻者”國家榮譽稱號獲得者熱地的事跡廣為傳頌，全社會掀起向“時代楷模”卓嘎、央宗姐妹學習的熱潮，爭當民族團結進步模范。 | Work to facilitate ethnic solidarity and progress has been carried out effectively. Efforts have been made to establish model communities of ethnic unity and progress to promote exchanges and integration of various ethnic groups. Tours have been organized to such cities and counties. In 2020, the region promulgated the Regulations on Building a Model Region for Ethnic Solidarity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region. In 2021, the Plan for Building a Model Region for Ethnic Solidarity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region (2021-2025) was introduced. At the national level, 140 groups and 189 individuals in Xizang were honored by the State Council as models of ethnic solidarity and progress. Seven cities/prefectures including Lhasa were recognized as national demonstration cities. The story of Raidi, recipient of the national honorary title Outstanding Contributor to Ethnic Solidarity, was widely disseminated. People across the region were encouraged to emulate sisters Drolkar and Yangzom as models of the times for ethnic solidarity. | |
反滲透反顛覆反分裂斗爭不斷深入。西藏根據維護國家安全的總要求和自身實際，堅持依法治藏原則，緊緊依靠各族群眾，牢牢把握反分裂斗爭主動權，深入揭批達賴集團的反動本質，堅決抵制、嚴厲打擊各種分裂破壞活動。“團結穩定是福，分裂動亂是禍”的觀念深入人心，各族群眾維護祖國統一、維護國家主權、維護民族團結的態度日益堅決。 | The fight against infiltration, subversion and secession continues. In accordance with the general requirements of safeguarding national security and the region's specific circumstances, and upholding the rule of law in the governance of the region, Xizang adopts a proactive approach to combat secessionism. The reactionary nature of the Dalai Group has been exposed and denounced, and the regional government relies closely on the people of all ethnicities to resist all forms of secession and sabotage. It is now deeply rooted in the people's minds across the region that unity and stability are a blessing, while division and unrest lead to disaster. They are ever more determined to safeguard the country's unity, national sovereignty, and ethnic solidarity. | |
——宗教信仰自由充分保障 | – Fully guaranteeing the freedom of religious belief | |
宗教活動有序開展。西藏現有藏傳佛教宗教活動場所1700多處，僧尼約4.6萬人；清真寺4座，世居穆斯林群眾約1.2萬人；天主教堂1座，信徒700余人。雪頓節、燃燈節、薩嘎達瓦、轉山轉湖等1700多項宗教民俗活動既保存歷史的儀禮傳統和莊嚴，也加入現代的文化體驗和活力。活佛轉世傳承方式得到國家和西藏各級政府的承認和尊重。2007年，國家頒布《藏傳佛教活佛轉世管理辦法》，就藏傳佛教活佛轉世應堅持的原則、應具備的條件、應履行的申請報批程序等作出詳細規定，也明確了包括達賴、班禪等大活佛轉世必須遵循的國內尋訪、金瓶掣簽、中央政府批準原則，保障依法有序開展活佛轉世事宜。2016年，“藏傳佛教活佛查詢系統”上線。截至2022年底，已有93位新轉世活佛得到批準認定。 | Religious activities are carried out in an orderly manner. The region today hosts over 1,700 sites for Tibetan Buddhism activities, approximately 46,000 Buddhist monks and nuns, four mosques, about 12,000 native Muslims, and one Catholic church with over 700 believers. Over 1,700 religious and folk activities including the Shoton Festival, Butter Lamp Festival, Saga Dawa Festival, and the walks around lakes and mountains help to preserve the solemn traditional rituals and demonstrate new vitality with modern cultural elements. Reincarnation of living Buddhas is a practice recognized and respected by the government at all levels. In 2007, the State-Issued Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism stipulated the principles that should be followed, the conditions that should be met, and the application and approval procedures that should be implemented. It also specified that reincarnated Tibetan living Buddhas, including Dalai Lamas and Panchen Rinpoches, must be looked for within the country, decided through the practice of lot-drawing from the golden urn, and receive approval from the central government. The reincarnation of living Buddhas has been carried out in an orderly manner ever since. In 2016, an online system has been launched to help obtain information about living Buddhas. By the end of 2022, 93 newly reincarnated living Buddhas have been approved and recognized. | |
寺廟公共服務有效保障。從2015年開始，積極推進寺廟衛生室建設、僧醫培養工作，完善寺廟僧尼社會保障體系，逐年提高寺廟僧尼社會保障待遇，積極提供社會公共服務。政府每年補貼2600多萬元，實現在編僧尼醫保、養老保險、低保、意外傷害險和健康體檢的全覆蓋。大力改善寺廟基礎設施，絕大部分寺廟實現通路、通訊、通電、通水、通廣播電視，廣大僧尼的學習生活條件越來越現代化。 | Public services at monasteries and temples have been effectively guaranteed. Much work has been done since 2015 to promote the construction of medical clinics in monasteries and temples, train doctor-monks, improve the social security system for monks and nuns, raise their social security benefits year by year, and provide them with social public services. The government provides over RMB26 million per annum to cover medical insurance, pension schemes, subsistence allowances, accident injury insurance, and health check expenses for all registered monks and nuns. Great efforts have gone into improving infrastructure in monasteries and temples to modernize study and living conditions for monks and nuns; most monasteries and temples now have access to roads, telecommunications, electricity, water, radio and television. | |
——藏傳佛教活動健康有序 | – Conducting Tibetan Buddhist activities in an orderly manner | |
依法管理宗教事務穩步推進。西藏全面貫徹黨的宗教工作基本方針，積極引導藏傳佛教與社會主義社會相適應，加快推進宗教事務管理法治化、規范化、制度化建設。先后頒布實施《西藏自治區實施〈宗教事務條例〉辦法》《西藏自治區大型宗教活動管理辦法》《西藏自治區〈藏傳佛教活佛轉世管理辦法〉實施細則》等規范性文件，依法保障宗教界合法權益，維護宗教領域正常秩序，妥善處理涉及宗教的各類矛盾和糾紛，依法加強和改進寺廟管理，促進宗教和諧。 | Law-based management of religious affairs has made steady progress. Fully implementing the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, Xizang has guided Tibetan Buddhism in adapting to socialist society, and moved faster to improve the institutions and standards for managing religious affairs in accordance with the law. Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Implementing the Regulations on Religious Affairs, Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Management of Major Religious Activities and Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures on the Management of Living Buddha Reincarnation of Tibetan Buddhism have been issued and implemented to safeguard the legal rights and interests and order of religious society, properly resolve religion-related differences and disputes, improve monastery management, and promote religious harmony. | |
藏傳佛教研究與人才培養不斷加強。支持宗教團體結合西藏實際，引導宗教界人士增強依法依規開展宗教活動的自覺性，推動藏傳佛教界內部管理規范化、制度化、現代化。按照傳統教育與現代教育相契合、傳統學位與現代學銜相銜接，規范“三級學銜”制度，培養愛國愛教、學問精深的現代僧才。截至2022年底，已有164名學經僧人獲得格西“拉讓巴”學位，273名僧人獲得藏傳佛教最高學銜“拓然巴”學位。2016年至2022年，中國佛教協會西藏分會每年舉辦藏傳佛教講經闡釋交流會，中國藏學研究中心每年舉辦藏傳佛教教義闡釋工作研討會，出版《藏傳佛教教義闡釋（試講本）》《藏傳佛教教義闡釋研究文集》等11部成果著作，教規教義研究日益精深。 | Tibetan Buddhist studies and the training of adepts have been strengthened. In the context of Xizang's actual situation, efforts have been made to raise awareness among religious groups that activities must be carried out in accordance with laws and regulations, and to promote efforts to standardize, institutionalize, and modernize the internal management of Tibetan Buddhist society. While promoting the integration of traditional and modern education, degrees and titles, new efforts have been made to standardize the three-level title system and cultivate patriotic and knowledgeable talent in monks and nuns. As of the end of 2022, 164 monks had been accredited as Geshe Lharampas and 273 monks had earned the highest Thorampa ranking. From 2016 to 2022, the Xizang branch of the Buddhist Association of China held annual meetings on the interpretation of Tibetan Buddhist sutras; the China Tibetology Research Center hosted annual seminars on the interpretation of Tibetan Buddhism doctrines and published 11 books, such as Interpretive Notes for Tibetan Buddhism Doctrines (Trial Edition) and Collections of Studies on Interpretive Notes for Tibetan Buddhism Doctrines, promoting in-depth study on the precepts and doctrines of Tibetan Buddhism. | |
四、社會大局持續安定向好 | IV. Sustained and Stable Social Development | |
新時代黨的治藏方略要求，要準確把握西藏工作的階段性特征，提高社會治理水平，確保國家安全、社會穩定、人民幸福。西藏堅持把維護祖國統一、加強民族團結作為西藏工作的著眼點和著力點，不斷完善工作機制、提高治理水平，謀長久之策，行固本之舉，社會大局持續穩定向好，群眾的獲得感、幸福感、安全感不斷增強。 | The CPC policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era have emphasized the importance of accurately understanding the present work in Xizang, strengthening social governance, and safeguarding national security, social stability, and the people's wellbeing. With a focus on safeguarding national unification and strengthening ethnic unity, the local government of Xizang has constantly improved its working mechanisms and governance capacity. All of this is helping to lay a solid foundation for long-term development. As a result, Xizang has enjoyed sustained and steady social development, and the people's sense of gain, fulfilment and security continues to grow. | |
——社會事業全面進步 | – All-round progress of social undertakings | |
教育事業高質量發展。涵蓋學前教育、基礎教育、職業教育、高等教育、繼續教育、特殊教育的比較完整的現代教育體系已經形成。自2012年秋季學期開始，輟學問題得到歷史性解決，建立起全學段學生資助體系，資助范圍覆蓋所有家庭經濟困難學生。2012年至2022年，國家累計投入西藏的教育經費達2515.06億元，現有各級各類學校3409所，在校學生94.4萬多人，學前教育毛入學率達89.52%，義務教育鞏固率達97.73%，高中階段毛入學率達91.07%。第七次全國人口普查數據顯示，西藏每10萬人中擁有大學文化程度的由2010年的5507人上升到2020年的11019人，新增勞動力人均受教育年限提高至13.1年。 | Educational undertakings have achieved high-quality development. A modern education system encompassing preschools, primary and secondary schools, vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and continuing and special education institutions is in place. Progressively since 2012, Xizang has eliminated the problem of students dropping out of school. It has established a student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families. From 2012 to 2022, the central government invested more than RMB251.51 billion in Xizang's education. At present, the region has 3,409 schools of various types and at various levels, hosting over 944,000 students. The gross enrollment rate for preschool education has reached 89.52 percent. The completion rate for compulsory education has reached 97.73 percent. The gross enrollment rate in senior high schools is 91.07 percent. The results of the seventh national census showed that the number of college or university graduates per 100,000 inhabitants in Xizang had risen from 5,507 in 2010 to 11,019 in 2020. New entries into the region's workforce now have an average of 13.1 years of education. | |
住房保障更加完善。深入實施城鎮保障性安居工程建設和易地搬遷，全力推進老舊小區、棚戶區及農村危房改造，加大公租房供給，實施城鎮供暖工程，重點推進5個高寒高海拔縣城和邊境縣城集中供暖工作。2016年以來，累計安排中央財政補助資金17.06億元，完成農牧區建檔立卡貧困戶等4類重點對象4.36萬戶危房改造，接續實施動態新增農村低收入群體等重點對象危房改造和農房抗震改造。2022年，城鎮居民和農牧民人均住房建筑面積分別達到44.82平方米和40.18平方米，居住條件顯著改善。 | Greater efforts have been made to ensure decent housing. Xizang has stepped up the construction of government-subsidized affordable homes in urban areas and the relocation of people in rural areas. It spares no effort in the renovation of dilapidated residential areas, shanty towns, and dilapidated rural houses. It is also increasing the supply of public rental houses. The region has launched a project to ensure heating in urban areas, especially in the five county seats located across cold and high-altitude areas and border areas. Since 2016, the central government has provided RMB1.71 billion in subsidies to help 43,600 households in farming and pastoral areas who fall into the four categories[The four categories are registered poor households, households entitled to subsistence allowances, severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and impoverished families of individuals with disabilities. – Tr.], including registered poor households, to renovate their sub-standard homes. It has also supported the renovation of sub-standard homes and improved the earthquake resistance of rural housing for key groups including the newly registered low-income group in rural areas. In 2022, the per-capita living space of urban residents in Xizang reached 44.82 square meters, and that of farmers and herders 40.18 square meters. The people enjoy a steady improvement in housing conditions. | |
公共衛生事業持續壯大。涵蓋基本醫療服務和婦幼保健、疾病防控、藏醫藥等公共衛生服務體系全面建立。醫療人才“組團式”支援取得長足發展，援藏省市助力受援地成功創建6家三級甲等醫院，幫帶1165個醫療團隊、3192名本地醫療人員，填補2219項技術空白。實現400多種“大病”不出自治區，2400多種“中病”不出市地，常見“小病”在縣級醫院就能得到及時治療。孕產婦、嬰幼兒死亡率分別由20世紀50年代初的5000/10萬、430‰，下降到2022年的45.8/10萬、7‰，人均預期壽命提高到72.19歲。包蟲病、大骨節病等地方病和先天性心臟病、白內障等常見病得到有效控制和消除。近年來，采取病區改良水質、換糧、易地搬遷等綜合防治措施，大骨節病高發流行態勢得到有效遏制，54個病區縣全部達到國家消除標準，2018年至今無兒童新發案例。2012年以來，開展先天性心臟病患兒醫療救治工作，已篩查366萬多人次，對6246名患者在區內外醫院實施介入或手術治療，絕大多數患兒病情得到根治，重獲健康。 | Public health services have been strengthened. The region provides a comprehensive public healthcare system covering regular basic medical services, maternity and childcare, disease prevention and control, and Tibetan medicine and therapies. The assistance by medical professionals in groups to Xizang has made remarkable progress. Relevant provinces and municipalities have offered pairing-up assistance to Xizang, helping the region build six more Grade-A tertiary hospitals, train 1,165 medical teams with a total of 3,192 local medical workers, and plug 2,219 gaps in medical technology. Local patients can now obtain treatment for more than 400 serious diseases within the region and for more than 2,400 moderate diseases within the prefectural-level administrative units where they live; victims of minor diseases can receive timely treatment at county-level hospitals. The death rate of women in childbirth dropped to 45.8 per 100,000 in 2022 from 5,000 per 100,000 in the early 1950s, and the infant mortality rate declined from 430‰ to 7‰. Over the same period, average life expectancy has increased to 72.19 years. Endemic diseases such as hydatidosis and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and common diseases such as congenital heart disease and cataracts have been eradicated or brought under effective prevention and control. Xizang has effectively curbed the widespread occurrence of KBD through integrated prevention and control measures, such as improving water quality, changing diets, and relocating residents out of endemic areas. KBD has been eliminated in all of the region's 54 counties previously plagued by the disease. Since 2018, no new KBD cases have been detected among children. In 2012, the region launched a program to cure children with congenital heart disease. To date, the program has carried out over 3.66 million screenings. A total of 6,246 children have received interventional or surgical treatment at hospitals in Xizang and other places in the country. The overwhelming majority of those children have been cured. | |
多層次社會保障體系基本建成。不斷推進城鄉社會保障體系一體化，加快健全覆蓋全民、統籌城鄉、公平統一、可持續的分類分層社會保障體系。城鎮調查失業率低于全國平均水平，零就業家庭持續動態清零。城鄉居民基本養老保險待遇確定和基礎養老金正常調整機制逐步建立，居民基本養老保險待遇水平與經濟發展同步提高，基本醫療保險參保人數達342.88萬人，參保率持續穩定在95%以上，城鄉居民住院產生的合規醫療費用最高報銷比例達到90%以上。持續推進藏藥納入國家基本藥物目錄（民族藥）工作，大病專項救治病種擴大到38種，實現醫保報銷一次性和跨省異地直接結算。 | A basic multi-tiered social security system has been established. Xizang has progressively integrated urban and rural social security networks, and established and improved a fair, unified, and sustained category-specific and multi-tiered social security system that covers all residents and coordinates urban and rural areas. The surveyed urban unemployment rate has remained below the national average and the number of families with no one in work has been steadily reduced to zero. A mechanism to set and regularly adjust the payment standard of basic pension schemes for urban and rural residents has been established, ensuring that it increases in parallel with economic growth. A total of 3.43 million people are covered by basic medical insurance, more than 95 percent of the total population in the region. The maximum reimbursement rate of inpatient medical expenses covered by basic medical insurance has surpassed 90 percent. More Tibetan medicines are being included in the National Essential Medicines List (Ethnic Medicines). A special treatment policy has been extended to cover 38 serious diseases. Patients can now settle their medical bills covered by medical insurance at one time on a cross-provincial basis. | |
——平安西藏建設卓有成效 | – Steady achievements in building a safe Xizang | |
高水平平安建設切實推進。強化社會面管理，平安縣、平安鄉鎮、平安小區、平安單位、平安寺廟、平安學校等基層平安創建活動持續推進，向更高水平綜合治理邁進。堅持預防與化解相統一，積極推動解決合理訴求和實際困難，法理情并用推動“事心雙解”，培育打造“朗扎”調解室、“雪蓮花”調解室、“鄉賢幫幫忙”等模式，依靠群眾、發動群眾，為人民群眾安居樂業構筑社會根基。拉薩市7次登上中國最具幸福感城市榜單，西藏各族群眾安全感滿意度指數連續多年保持在99%以上。 | Concrete measures have been taken to achieve a higher standard of social stability. On a journey towards higher-level integrated governance, Xizang continues to strengthen social governance and makes every effort to build safe counties, safe townships, safe communities, safe institutions, safe monasteries, and safe schools. To forestall and defuse risks, Xizang has taken proactive action to meet people's rational demands and resolve their immediate concerns. In dealing with social complaints and disputes, law, fairness and compassion are all taken into consideration to ensure problems are settled in a manner acceptable to all stakeholders. By establishing the "Langza mediation offices", "Snow Lotus mediation offices", and "rural sages mediation teams", Xizang relies on and mobilizes the people to lay the social foundations allowing them to live and work in peace and contentment. Lhasa has been listed among "China's happiest cities" seven times. The safety index of people of all ethnic groups in the region has stayed above 99 percent for years. | |
——治理現代化水平明顯提升 | – Considerable improvement in social governance | |
社會治理體系不斷健全。西藏創新社會治理機制，制定出臺全區市域社會治理現代化試點工作聯系點工作方案、健全完善矛盾糾紛多元化解機制的實施意見、鄉村治理領域專項整治實施方案等，立體化、智能化治安防控體系建設不斷推進，綜治中心和“智慧城市”“智慧邊防”建設加快推進。在城鄉村居、社區廣泛開展“雙聯戶”服務管理和“創先爭優強基礎惠民生”活動，引導群眾廣泛參與社會治理，形成黨委領導、政府負責、民主協商、社會協同、公眾參與、法治保障、科技支撐的社會治理全覆蓋新格局，打造人人有責、人人盡責、人人享有的社會治理共同體。 | There has been a significant improvement in social governance. Xizang has made consistent innovations to the social governance system. It has released documents such as the Plan for the Pilot Project of Promoting the Modernization of Municipal Social Governance in Xizang, the Opinions on Improving Diversified Dispute Settlement Mechanisms, and the Implementation Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Carrying out Special Campaigns to Improve Rural Governance. The region has made steady progress in establishing a multi-dimensional and intelligent public security system by accelerating the construction of integrated management centers, smart cities and intelligent border defense. Xizang has implemented a social service and management model at both urban and rural communities known as "household groups" to help maintain social order and increase family income and has carried out a campaign to consolidate the development foundation and benefit the people. It has continued to guide the public towards participating in social governance. As a result, a new social governance pattern led by Party committees, implemented by government departments, based on consultation, coordination and broad participation, and underpinned by the rule of law and science and technology has been established. Efforts have been made to create a social governance community in which all participate and share. | |
——固邊興邊工作穩步推進 | – Steady progress in safeguarding and developing border areas | |
興邊富民建設有力推動。西藏著力創建國家固邊興邊富邊行動示范區，堅持固邊和興邊并重，出臺村鎮建設規劃，制定村鎮建設實施方案，堅持把小康村建設與鄉村振興戰略有機結合，推進完善邊境地區基礎設施和公共服務設施，實現農牧民群眾就地就近就業，不斷鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，基本建成設施完善、產業興旺、生態良好、宜居宜業的富裕文明村鎮。邊境地區群眾生活大幅改善，自覺爭做神圣國土的守護者、幸福家園的建設者，像格桑花一樣扎根在雪域邊陲。 | Efforts have been made to develop border areas and improve people's lives there. Xizang strives to build itself into a demonstration region for safeguarding, developing and bringing prosperity to border areas, with equal emphasis on stability and development. Plans and specific programs for developing villages and towns have been formulated. The measures for realizing moderate prosperity in all villages have been launched in line with the national strategy of rural revitalization. The region has improved infrastructure projects and public service facilities in border areas to ensure that people in farming and pastoral areas can find work near their homes. All these projects have contributed to reinforce the sense of the Chinese nation as one single community. Most villages and towns are enjoying improved infrastructure, flourishing businesses, better eco-environment, congenial living and working conditions, and economic prosperity and cultural development. Encouraged by notable improvement in their lives, the local residents are striving to become the conscientious guardians of the border areas and builders of happy homes. | |
五、生態安全屏障日益堅實 | V. Stronger Eco-Environmental Security Barrier | |
西藏是國家重要的生態安全屏障。保護好西藏生態環境，利在千秋、澤被天下。西藏堅持生態保護第一，處理好保護與發展的關系，走綠色可持續發展之路，著力打造全國乃至國際生態文明高地，美麗西藏建設不斷釋放生態紅利。 | Xizang is one of China's important ecological barriers. Protecting the natural environment in Xizang will benefit the country and the people for thousands of years to come. In its efforts to become a national or even an international model in advancing eco-civilization, Xizang continues to prioritize eco-environmental conservation, follows a holistic approach to coordinating conservation and development, and pursues green and sustainable development. It will continue to deliver eco-environmental dividends while building a beautiful Xizang. | |
——生態環境持續保持良好 | – Sound eco-environment | |
生態功能區建設有序推進。積極推動羌塘、珠穆朗瑪峰、岡仁波齊、高黎貢山、雅魯藏布大峽谷等典型區域納入《國家公園空間布局方案》，西藏自然保護地體系建設進入新階段。現有各級各類自然保護區47個，總面積41.22萬平方公里。第三次全國國土調查數據顯示，林地、草地、濕地、水域等生態功能較強的地類增加到108.11萬平方公里。設立三江源國家公園（唐北區域），加強了長江源區、瀾滄江源區等中國江河源頭的保護與修復。 | Orderly progress has been made in the development of eco-environmental function zones. Through proactive efforts, Changtang, Mount Qomolangma, Mount Kangrinboqe, Gaoligong Mountain and Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon have been included in China's Overall Plan of National Parks, and work to develop the system of nature reserves in Xizang has entered a new phase. Currently, there are 47 nature reserves of different types at all levels, which cover a total area of 412,200 square kilometers. According to the third national survey of territorial land, forests, grasslands, wetlands, water regions and other lands with stronger eco-environmental functions amount to 1.08 million square kilometers. The establishment of the Sanjiangyuan National Park (the section north of the Tanggula Mountain) has contributed to the protection and restoration of the river sources in China, such as the source areas of the Yangtze and Lancang rivers. | |
高原生物多樣性逐漸提升。2016年至2022年，完成營造林832萬畝，實現森林覆蓋率和草原綜合植被蓋度雙增長。西藏有陸生野生脊椎動物1072種，其中雪豹、野牦牛、藏羚羊、黑頸鶴、滇金絲猴等國家一級保護野生動物65種，國家二級保護野生動物152種，大中型野生動物種群數量居全國之首；已記錄維管束植物7504種，其中巨柏、喜馬拉雅紅豆杉等國家一級重點保護野生植物9種，國家二級重點保護野生植物148種。根據全國第二次陸生野生動植物資源調查，藏羚羊種群數量由20世紀90年代的7萬余只增長到30余萬只，野牦牛種群數量由20世紀不足1萬頭增長到2萬余頭，黑頸鶴數量由20世紀不足3000只增長到1萬余只。曾被國際社會認為已絕種的西藏馬鹿“失而復得”，由發現時的200余頭增長到800余頭。發現白頰獼猴等野生動物新物種5種、中國新記錄物種5種，發現野生植物新物種——吉隆毛鱗菊。 | Biodiversity on the plateau has gradually improved. From 2016 to 2022, 8.32 million mu (554,666 hectares) of forests were planted in Xizang. It has achieved "double growth" in both forest and grassland vegetation coverage. There are 1,072 terrestrial wild vertebrate species in Xizang, including 65 species of wild animals under national Grade-I protection such as the snow leopard, wild yak, Tibetan antelope, black-necked crane and Yunnan golden snub-nosed monkey, and 152 species of wild animals under national Grade-II protection. Xizang has the largest population of large and medium-sized wild animal species in China. It has recorded 7,504 species of vascular plants; nine of these are under national Grade-I protection, including Cupressus gigantea and Taxus wallichiana, and 148 species are under national Grade-II protection. According to the second national survey on terrestrial animals and plants, the number of Tibetan antelopes increased from over 70,000 in the 1990s to over 300,000, wild yaks from under 10,000 to over 20,000, and black-necked cranes from under 3,000 to over 10,000. The Tibetan red deer, once considered extinct by the international community, has now come back, and its numbers have grown to over 800 from over 200 at the time of its rediscovery. Five new animal species such as the white-cheeked macaque, five new wildlife species in China, and one new wild plant species of Chaetoseris iyriformis Shif have been discovered. | |
人居環境狀況持續改善。“十三五”以來，環境空氣質量優良天數比例達99%以上，主要城鎮環境空氣質量整體保持優良，7個市地6項污染物濃度均達到國家二級及以上標準。珠穆朗瑪峰區域環境空氣質量持續保持在優良狀態，達到一級標準。2022年，拉薩市在全國168個重點城市空氣質量排名中位列第一，林芝市、昌都市環境空氣質量優良天數達到100%。主要江河、湖泊水質整體保持優良。金沙江、雅魯藏布江、瀾滄江、怒江干流水質達到Ⅱ類標準，拉薩河、年楚河、尼洋河等流經重要城鎮的河流水質達到Ⅱ類及以上標準，發源于珠穆朗瑪峰的絨布河水質達Ⅰ類標準。班公錯、羊卓雍錯和納木錯水質均為Ⅲ類標準。地級城市集中式飲用水水源地水質達標率100%。全面實施土壤污染防治行動，西藏土壤環境質量狀況處于安全水平，總體維持自然本底狀態。 | The living environment continues to improve. Since 2016, the proportion of days with excellent or good air quality in Xizang has reached over 99 percent each year. The air quality in main towns and cities has, on the whole, remained excellent or good, and the concentrations of six pollutants in seven prefecture-level administrative units has reached the state Grade-II standards or above. The air quality in the Mount Qomolangma area continues to be rated as excellent or good, reaching the state Grade-I standards. In 2022, Lhasa ranked first among the 168 key cities in China in terms of air quality, and Nyingchi and Qamdo both enjoyed excellent air quality all year round. The major rivers and lakes report good water quality. The water quality of main streams of the Jinsha River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Lancang River and Nujiang River has reached Grade-II standards, that of the Lhasa River, Nyangchu River and Nyang River that run through major towns and cities reached Grade-II standards or above, that of the Rongpo River that originates from Mount Qomolangma reached Grade-I standards, and that of the Pangong Tso, Yamzho Yumco and Nam Co lakes reached Grade-III standards. The quality of the drinking water sources in prefecture-level cities has all reached the required standards. Thanks to its comprehensive control of soil pollution, the soil environment in Xizang is generally maintained in its original natural state and is safe in quality. | |
——生態保護與經濟建設相適宜 | – Complementary eco-environmental protection and economic development | |
綠色低碳產業發展壯大。加快建設國家清潔能源基地，電力裝機容量中清潔能源比重占到近90%，為國家碳達峰、碳中和貢獻西藏力量。大力發展高原綠色農牧業，“三品一標”產品總數達到1014個。帕里牦牛和亞東黑木耳被評為中國百強農產品。加查縣安繞鎮核桃、隆子縣熱榮鄉黑青稞、芒康縣納西民族鄉葡萄獲批“三品一標”產品，品牌效應開始凸顯。 | The green, low-carbon industry has grown in strength. Xizang has accelerated the building of a national clean energy base, and clean energy now makes up 90 percent of the installed power generation capacity. It has thus contributed to China's targets for peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality. Xizang has developed plateau green farming and animal husbandry, producing 1,014 different pollution-free, green or organic farm products or agro-products with geographical indications. Pagri yak and Yadong black fungus ranked among the Top 100 Farm Produce in China. Gyaca walnuts, Lhünze black highland barley, and Markam grapes have been listed as "pollution-free, green, organic farm products or agro-products with geographical indications", and are beginning to be recognized by more consumers. | |
生態保育工作成效顯現。推進《西藏生態安全屏障保護與建設規劃（2008－2030年）》落地，實施“兩江四河”（雅魯藏布江、怒江、拉薩河、年楚河、雅礱河、獅泉河）流域綠化、鄉村“四旁”（宅旁、路旁、田旁、水旁）植樹等項目。加強建設項目的生態修復和綠色施工。雅魯藏布江上的藏木水電站建設過程中，通過修建2.6公里長的魚類洄游通道和每年大規模的增殖放流等方式，有力保護了高原珍稀魚類的生存和繁殖。拉日鐵路建設過程中，選植優良樹種，確保邊坡植草及喬木成活率和固沙防沙，在主要地段為野生動物遷徙留出高架通道。拉林鐵路建設過程中，有效保護黑頸鶴的最大越冬棲息地。 | Eco-environmental conservation has produced results. The Plan for Protection and Building of Ecological Security Barriers in Xizang (2008-2030) has been implemented. Greening projects for the basins of the Yarlung Zangbo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong and Shiquan rivers and for areas near residential houses, roads, farmlands and waters have been executed, with emphasis on eco-environmental restoration and green construction. During the construction of the Zam Hydropower Station on the Yarlung Zangbo River, a 2.6-kilometer-long fish migration channel was built, and fry breeding and release events were organized each year on a large scale. All these efforts have effectively secured the living and breeding conditions for rare plateau fish species. During the construction of the Lhasa-Xigaze Railway, fine tree species were selected to ensure the survival of turf and trees and efforts were made to stop and fix the sand dunes near the railway line. In addition, elevated passages were opened at major sections for the migration of wild animals. During the construction of the Lhasa-Nyingchi Railway, the largest winter habitat was well conserved for the black-necked cranes. | |
——生態文明高地加快建設 | – New measures to accelerate eco-environmental progress | |
生態環境治理體系日益完善。落實《青藏高原生態環境保護和可持續發展方案》，施行《中華人民共和國青藏高原生態保護法》，頒布實施《西藏自治區國家生態文明高地建設條例》等政策法規。統籌山水林田湖草沙冰一體化保護和系統治理，全面推進河湖林草保護責任到人。2017年，西藏全面推行河湖長制，實現河流、湖泊全覆蓋。實行最嚴格水資源管理制度，建立“河湖長+檢察長+警長”協作機制，強化水域岸線管控，維護河湖生命健康，實現河湖功能永續利用。全面推行林長制，初步構建起黨委領導、黨政同責、屬地負責、部門協同、源頭治理、全域覆蓋的林草資源保護發展長效機制。不斷加強與周邊省區的合作，2020年，與青海、云南簽訂《跨省流域上下游突發水污染事件聯防聯控機制合作協議》；2021年，與四川、云南、青海、甘肅、新疆和新疆生產建設兵團聯合制定實施《關于建立青藏高原及周邊區域生態檢察司法保護跨省際區劃協作機制的意見》，實現青藏高原協同保護。不斷完善監測監察考核體系，深化領導干部自然資源資產責任審計，在11個國家級自然保護區設立35個公益訴訟檢察聯絡室，提升生態環境領域公益訴訟執法能力。 | The autonomous region has continued to improve the eco-environmental governance system. A series of policies, regulations and statutes have been promulgated and implemented, including the Plan on Eco-environmental Protection and Sustainable Development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Ecological Conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Regulations on Developing National Eco-civilization Model in the Xizang Autonomous Region. Xizang follows a holistic approach to the integrated conservation and systematic management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers. A responsibility system has been introduced by which the responsibility for protecting rivers, lakes, forests and grasslands is assigned to specific persons with the title of chiefs. Since 2017, Xizang has enforced the strictest water resource administration system and established a "river/lake chief + procurator-general + police chief" coordinating mechanism, to strengthen the management of water bodies and shorelines, keep rivers and lakes healthy, and achieve their sustained utilization. A comprehensive system of forest chiefs has also been introduced across the region to establish a long-term mechanism for the protection and development of forest and grassland resources that addresses problems at source and covers the whole area. Under Party leadership, responsibilities are jointly assumed by local Party committees and governments supported by coordination of relevant departments. Cooperation with neighboring provinces and autonomous regions also has been reinforced in this regard. In 2020, Xizang signed a cooperation agreement with Qinghai and Yunnan provinces on establishing a joint prevention and control mechanism for water pollution emergencies in the upper and lower reaches of inter-provincial river basins. In 2021, it worked out an implementation document with Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai and Gansu provinces, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps on establishing a cross-provincial cooperation mechanism for judicial eco-environmental protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, which will facilitate the coordinated protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Xizang has also improved the monitoring and performance assessment system and strengthened the auditing of leading officials on their management responsibilities for natural resources. Thirty-five procuratorial liaison offices have been set up in 11 national nature reserves to handle public-interest litigation related to eco-environmental protection and to strengthen the capacity for law enforcement. | |
科學考察和技術攻關取得突破性進展。國家啟動第二次青藏高原綜合科學考察研究，聚焦水、生態、人類活動，深入分析青藏高原環境變化與機理，在國際地球科學和生命科學前沿領域產出一批原創性理論成果，對青藏高原的科學認識達到新的高度。加強青藏高原科學研究基地平臺建設，建成國家青藏高原科學數據中心西藏分中心，科考成果為保護青藏高原生態環境、應對氣候變化、防控自然災害、促進綠色發展等提供科學支撐。2012年以來，持續在氣候變化影響、生物多樣性等領域開展技術攻關和應用示范研究，產生了一批創新成果。高原典型退化生態系統修復技術研究突破退化草地植被恢復關鍵技術，獲得10項新技術新方法新工藝。建成拉薩地球系統多維網生態保護修復治理示范工程，提出生態保護修復治理的系統方案。推動山水林田湖草沙冰系統治理，查明青藏高原生態系統變化和碳匯功能，服務國家生態安全屏障體系優化和碳中和國家目標。建成西藏首家種質資源庫，累計入庫保存種質資源2047種8458份，為生物多樣性保護提供基礎支撐。研究形成高原固廢生物質低碳化能量利用技術體系，有效降低固廢處理成本約15%，環境污染減排大于75%，相關成果已推廣至青海等地，實現經濟效益近3億元。 | Great progress has been registered in scientific surveys and technological breakthroughs. The central government has launched the second comprehensive scientific survey on water, the eco-environment, and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and conducted a thorough analysis of local environmental changes and their mechanisms. This has generated a number of original theories in international frontier fields of geoscience and life sciences and substantially increased knowledge about the plateau. It has also stepped up efforts to build platforms for scientific research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and built the Xizang Branch of the National Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Data Center. Research results have provided technological support for protecting the plateau's eco-environment, addressing climate change, preventing and controlling natural disasters, and promoting green development. Since 2012, the region has conducted research on core technologies and application demos in relation to climate change impact and biodiversity conservation, among others, and a number of innovative applications have emerged. Breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of degraded grassland vegetation – a key technology in research on restoring typical degraded plateau ecosystems. Ten new technologies, methods and techniques have been produced as a result. A demonstration project of a multi-dimensional network of the earth system for ecological conservation, restoration and governance was completed in Lhasa, providing a systematic plan for ecological conservation, restoration and governance. In order to optimize the national system of ecological security barriers and achieve the national goal of carbon neutrality, the region has taken systematic measures to protect and restore mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers, and investigated changes in the ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau and its role as a carbon sink. Xizang has established its first germplasm resource center and conserved 8,458 items of germplasm covering 2,047 species, a fundamental support to the protection of biodiversity. Researchers have worked out a system for utilizing solid waste and biomass on the plateau with low-carbon energy, which would reduce the costs of solid waste and biomass processing by 15 percent and environmental pollution by more than 75 percent. Research findings have been rolled out in neighboring provinces including Qinghai, generating an overall economic benefit of nearly RMB300 million. | |
——美麗西藏建設釋放生態紅利 | – Eco-environmental dividends | |
生態保護機制持續發力。2018年以來，累計落實山水林田湖草沙冰一體化保護修復資金49.33億元。建立覆蓋森林、濕地、草原、水生態等領域的生態保護補償機制。各類生態保護補償資金從2012年的37億元，快速增加到2022年的161億元。 | Eco-environmental conservation mechanisms play an increasingly important role. Since 2018, more than RMB4.93 billion have been invested in the integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, deserts and glaciers. An eco-environmental conservation and compensation mechanism has been put in place that covers forest, wetland, grassland, and water ecosystems. The amount paid for eco-environmental compensation in 2012 was RMB3.7 billion and it quickly increased to RMB16.1 billion in 2022. | |
生態扶貧向生態富民轉變。2016年至2022年，年均為群眾提供生態保護崗位53.77萬個，累計兌現生態補償資金126.37億元。大力發展生態產業和碳匯經濟，帶動群眾綠色就業創業。截至2022年底，家庭民宿（旅館）數量達2377家，鄉村旅游接待游客1274萬人次，實現收入15.87億元，農牧民直接和間接參與鄉村旅游就業6.4萬人次，人均增收4500余元。 | Xizang has shifted its focus from poverty alleviation to bringing prosperity to local people through eco-environmental conservation. From 2016 to 2022, 537,700 eco-environmental conservation jobs were created on average each year, and a total of RMB12.64 billion was paid in eco-environmental compensation. The development of eco-environmental businesses and the carbon sink economy has helped local people find green jobs or start green businesses. By the end of 2022, the number of rural family hotels and homestays had reached 2,377, receiving 12.74 million visits and generating revenues of almost RMB1.59 billion. Some 64,000 farmers and herders worked directly or indirectly for the rural tourism business, leading to a per capita rise of more than RMB4,500 in income. | |
生態環保生活方式蔚然成風。人與自然和諧共生、追求可持續發展的高原生態文化得到進一步激發。林芝市成功創建國家森林城市。林芝市波密、山南市瓊結、昌都市江達等11個市縣區成為國家生態文明建設示范區。林芝市巴宜區、山南市隆子縣、拉薩市柳梧新區達東村入選“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實踐創新基地。2016年起，“那曲地區城鎮植樹關鍵技術研發與綠化模式示范項目”在那曲示范推廣植樹200余畝，選育出班公柳、高山柳、云杉、江孜沙棘等多種高抗樹種，結束了那曲種不活一棵樹的歷史。許多農牧民從曾經的砍樹人變成種樹人、護樹人，豐富的生態資源成為當地群眾看得見守得住的“幸福不動產”。 | An eco-friendly lifestyle has become popular. A new plateau eco-culture has taken shape in which people pursue harmony between humanity and nature and value sustainable development. Nyingchi City has been recognized as a national-level forest city, and 11 cities/counties including the Bomi County in Nyingchi City, the Qonggyai County in Shannan City and Jomda County in Qamdo City have become national eco-civilization demonstration zones. Bayi District in Nyingchi, Lhünze County in Shannan and Dagdong Village of Liuwu New District in Lhasa have been listed as bases for implementing the eco-environmental philosophy that "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets". Since 2016, thanks to the Research and Development of Key Technologies for Afforestation and Greening Model Demonstration Project in Nagqu Prefecture (now Nagqu City), the region has selected and cultivated some high-resistance tree species, such as Salix bangongensis, Salix cupularis, dragon spruce, and Hippophae gyantsensis, which have been planted on more than 200 mu (about 14 hectares) of land. It is no longer the case that no tree could ever survive in the harsh conditions of Nagqu. Many farmers and herders now plant and protect trees rather than cutting them down. These rich eco-environmental resources are becoming the "real estate for a happy life" that the local people can see and keep. | |
六、民主法治建設不斷加強 | VI. Strengthening Democracy and the Rule of Law | |
做好西藏工作，必須厲行法治，加強社會主義民主建設。西藏始終堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主和依法治藏有機統一；保證人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度在西藏貫徹落實。西藏政治建設邁出新步伐，有效保障各族人民享有當家作主的權利，極大推動各項事業發展進步。 | To ensure that Xizang continues to achieve successful development, the rule of law must be upheld and socialist democracy strengthened across the board. Xizang has always been committed to the Party's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance. Efforts have been made to ensure the effective implementation of the system of people's congresses, the system of CPC-led multi-party cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grassroots self-governance. Fresh progress has been made in strengthening the political development in the region, ensuring the right of all people of all ethnic groups to be masters of the region and the country. As a result, all undertakings have advanced in the region. | |
——社會主義民主建設深入推進 | – Continuous progress in advancing socialist democracy | |
人民代表大會制度優越性充分體現。黨的十八大以來，西藏自治區進行的兩次換屆選舉中，90%以上的選民參加了縣、鄉直接選舉，有些地方參選率達到100%。人大代表履職盡責的體制機制更加完善，自治區人大建立落實了人大常委會組成人員直接聯系基層人大代表、基層人大代表聯系人民群眾的“雙聯系”制度。米林市南伊珞巴民族鄉人大代表達娃秉承“群眾選我當代表，我為群眾辦實事”理念，與有關部門溝通，為昌都三巖搬遷群眾修建溫室大棚、解決群眾入冬吃菜難的問題。截至目前，西藏共創建772個“人大代表之家”，覆蓋所有市（地）、縣（區）、鄉（鎮、街道），部分行政村建有“代表小組”活動室，人大閉會期間代表履職活動更加經常化、規范化、制度化。 | The strengths of the system of people's congresses have been given full play. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, two elections have been held in Xizang to elect the regional people's congress, in which more than 90 percent of eligible voters have participated in the county and township-level direct elections, and the participation rate in some places has even reached as high as 100 percent. The institutional mechanism for deputies to the people's congresses to fulfill their duties with due diligence has further improved. The People's Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region has established and implemented a dual-contact system in which members of its standing committee maintain direct contact with community-level deputies who in turn maintain direct contact with people in their constituencies. Dhawa, deputy from Naiyu Lhoba Township, Mainling City to the People's Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region, believes that "as an elected deputy, one should do everything possible to serve the people." By coordinating the relevant departments, he has helped build greenhouses for relocated residents in Sangan of Qamdo, ensuring their access to fresh produce in winter. To date, Xizang has instituted 772 "homes of deputies to people's congresses", covering all cities/prefectures, counties/districts, and townships/towns/sub-districts in the region. Some villages have set up deputies' functional centers. These facilities enable deputies to perform their duties on a more regular basis in the intersessional period, which has helped regulate and institutionalize the dual-contact system. | |
社會主義協商民主獨特優勢更加彰顯。西藏把協商民主深深嵌入社會主義民主政治全過程，充分發揮人民政協作為協商民主重要渠道和專門協商機構的作用，圍繞經濟社會發展中的重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題建真言獻良策。人民政協吸收民族宗教、黨外知識分子、新的社會階層等各界、各族人士參加。政協第十二屆西藏自治區委員會共有委員440人，其中非中共黨員占比59.3%。74個縣（區）政協組織全覆蓋，全區政協委員超過8000名，85.7%是少數民族。2013年至2022年，政協西藏自治區委員會共收到提案4356件，已全部辦復。政協推動委員認真履行政治協商、民主監督、參政議政職責。 | The unique advantages of socialist consultative democracy have been further highlighted. Xizang has exercised consultative democracy throughout the process of socialist democracy. It gives full play to the role of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) as a major channel for consultative democracy and its committees as specialist consultative bodies. CPPCC members are encouraged to offer workable suggestions to address major issues related to economic and social development and resolve the people's immediate concerns. The CPPCC is open to representatives from all social sectors and ethnic groups, including those of religious circles, intellectuals who are not CPC members, and people from New Social Groups. There are 440 members on the 12th CPPCC Committee of the Xizang Autonomous Region, 59.3 percent of whom are not CPC members. CPPCC organizations have been established in all the 74 counties/districts in the region. There are more than 8,000 CPPCC members in the whole region; ethnic minority members account for 85.7 percent. Between 2013 and 2022, the CPPCC Committee of the Xizang Autonomous Region received a total of 4,356 proposals, all of which were processed with feedbacks. The CPPCC organizations have urged its members to earnestly perform their duties in political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of government affairs. | |
基層民主實踐廣泛真實生動。西藏社會主義基層民主實踐形式不斷豐富，農村建立村民代表會議制度，城市社區全部建立社區居民代表大會、社區居委會等社區組織，為社區居民自治提供了充分的組織保障。2019年，《西藏自治區村務公開辦法》頒布實施，90%以上的行政村設立村務公開欄，保障群眾的知情權、參與權、決策權、監督權。2015年，出臺《西藏自治區職工代表大會工作規范（試行）》。迄今全區有基層工會組織8821個，工會會員60.7萬人。企事業單位職工通過職工代表大會等民主管理制度，在重大決策和涉及職工切身利益等重大事項中充分行使民主權利。 | Democracy has been translated into extensive, pragmatic and vivid actions at the grassroots. Grassroots democracy in Xizang has been gradually enriched. The system of villagers' representative meetings has been established, and community residents' congresses or residents' committees have been instituted in urban areas, providing a satisfactory organizational guarantee for grassroots self-governance. In 2019, the Measures of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Transparency in Village Affairs was issued. So far, more than 90 percent of the villages in the region have set up "transparency" bulletin boards, to ensure the right of local people to be informed, to participate in the deliberation of village affairs and in the decision-making process, and to scrutinize the exercise of power. In 2015, the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Workers' Congresses (for Trial Implementation) were promulgated. There are now 8,821 trade unions in the whole region, with 607,000 members in total. Employees in enterprises and public institutions can fully exercise their democratic rights in the decision-making process regarding important matters that concern their immediate interests through democratic management systems such as workers' congresses. | |
——民族區域自治制度全面實施 | – Full implementation of regional ethnic autonomy | |
民族區域自治制度進一步貫徹落實。民族區域自治制度賦予自治區在政治、經濟、社會、文化等方面的發展權利；自治區人大及其常委會還制定多項全國性法律的實施辦法，成為國家立法的重要補充。貫徹“收入全留、補助遞增、專項扶持”財政補貼優惠政策，把中央關心、全國支援與自力更生、艱苦奮斗有機結合起來，合理安排使用地方財政收入。民族區域自治制度在西藏的實踐不斷深化，具體舉措和實現形式與時俱進。 | More measures have been adopted to reinforce the system of regional ethnic autonomy. The regional autonomy system ensures the region's right to development in the political, economic, social, cultural and other fields. The People's Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee have also formulated implementation measures for a number of national laws, which have become an important supplement to state legislation. Preferential financial policies have been introduced, such as policies to give the autonomous region the right to retain all its revenues, to receive increasingly higher subsidies from the central government, and to allocate funds earmarked for special projects. The Xizang Autonomous Region relies on its hard-working spirit while benefiting from the caring policies of the central government and support from other parts of the country. It makes judicious use of its own fiscal revenues. To keep pace with the times, Xizang fully implements the autonomy system, regularly updating specific measures and means to exercise autonomy. | |
憲法和法律賦予的權利得到充分行使。西藏自治區人民代表大會常務委員會主任或副主任由藏族公民擔任，自治區主席由藏族公民擔任。全區42153名四級人大代表中，藏族和其他少數民族占89.2%。第十四屆全國人民代表大會的西藏代表共有24名，其中藏族和其他少數民族代表16名，占66.7%，門巴族、珞巴族等人口較少民族也有自己的代表。29名住藏全國政協委員中，少數民族委員占比86.2%。婦女在各級人大代表、政協委員中的比例較以往明顯提高。少數民族干部培養使用工作不斷加強，為西藏的全面繁榮穩定和發展進步作出重要貢獻。 | The exercise of rights conferred by the Constitution and other laws is fully guaranteed. The offices of chairperson or vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region are occupied by Tibetans, as is the office of the governor of the Xizang Autonomous Region. A total of 89.2 percent of the 42,153 deputies to people's congresses at four levels in the autonomous region are from the Tibetan or other ethnic minorities. Of the 24 deputies of the Xizang delegation to the 14th NPC, 16 were from ethnic minorities, including ethnic groups with small populations such as the Monba people and the Lhoba people. There are 29 members of the CPPCC national committee from Xizang, 25 of whom are from ethnic minorities. The proportion of females among deputies to people's congresses at all levels or members of the CPPCC at all levels has risen considerably. Efforts have been intensified in the training and appointment of ethnic minority officials, which has significantly contributed to prosperity, stability, development, and progress in all respects in Xizang. | |
——依法治藏工作取得重大進展 | – Marked progress in the governance of Xizang in accordance with the law | |
法規體系建設長足發展。黨的十八大以來，西藏踐行“治國必治邊、治邊先穩藏”的戰略思想，制定實施一批地方性法規、政府規章和規范性文件，建立科學完備的法規體系，加強法治政府和法治社會一體化建設，實現對自治區各項事務治理的制度化、規范化、程序化。截至2022年底，自治區人大及其常委會先后制定實施160件地方性法規和具有法規性質的決議、決定，確保穩定、發展、生態、強邊四件大事及涉及社會管理、民生福祉等各類事項都能在法治軌道上運行。自治區人大及其常委會從地方實際出發，突出地方特色，立足重要的國家安全屏障和生態安全屏障，先后制定并頒布實施《西藏自治區民族團結進步模范區創建條例》《西藏自治區國家生態文明高地建設條例》。從2021年開始，西藏所有設區的市都擁有地方立法權。地方立法主體的擴大和地方立法體制的完善，為西藏社會的穩定繁榮提供了法治保障。 | Significant progress has been made in the development and improvement of the legal framework. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, guided by the strategy that stability in Xizang is paramount in the governance of the border areas and the country as a whole, the autonomous region has formulated and implemented a number of local regulations, government rules and other normative documents, establishing a complete and sound legal system. The region has endeavored to advance the rule of law in terms of both government administration and social governance, by introducing institutions, standards and procedures in the management of regional affairs. As of 2022, the People's Congress of the Xizang Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated and implemented 160 local regulations and statutory resolutions and decisions of a regulatory nature. They ensure that the rule of law contributes to maintaining stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, safeguarding the borders, and organizing other matters involving social governance and the people's wellbeing. The People's Congress of Xizang and its Standing Committee have focused on practical issues in light of local realities and features. Based on the region's important role as a national and ecological security shield, the congress has formulated and implemented Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress in the Xizang Autonomous Region and Regulations on Developing Ecological Highlands in the Xizang Autonomous Region. Starting from 2021, all the region's cities with subsidiary districts have been accorded local legislative powers. More local legislative bodies and the improved local legislative system have provided legal guarantees for stability and prosperity in Xizang. | |
法治政府建設邁出新步伐。持續優化營商環境，制定出臺《西藏自治區優化政務環境工作方案》《西藏自治區推進西南五省政務服務“跨省通辦”工作實施方案》。強化權力制約監督，出臺《西藏自治區行政執法監督條例》《西藏自治區規范行政執法裁量權規定》《西藏自治區重大行政決策程序暫行規定》等地方性法規、政府規章和規范性文件。依法公開政務信息，“互聯網+政務服務”扎實推進，政務服務事項網上可辦率顯著提升，進一步優化政務服務，方便群眾辦事。 | Fresh progress has been made in law-based government. The business environment has been steadily improved. The Work Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Building a Sound Administrative Environment and the Implementation Plan of the Xizang Autonomous Region for Promoting the Inter-Provincial E-Government in the Five Southwestern Provinces have been formulated and released. To keep the exercise of power under effective restraint and supervision, several local regulations, government rules and other normative documents have been formulated and released, including the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Supervision of Administrative Law Enforcement, the Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Discretion over Administrative Law Enforcement and Interim Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on Major Administrative Decision-Making Procedures. Transparency in government affairs in accordance with the law has been promoted, with most government services available online now. These efforts have further optimized government services for the convenience of the people. | |
法治社會建設實現新突破。中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳出臺《關于加快推進公共法律服務體系建設的意見》，公共法律服務體系向縱深推進，縣級以上司法行政機關全部掛牌運行公共法律服務實體平臺，逐步向社區基層面延伸。僅2021年，西藏法律援助機構共組織提供法律咨詢2.73萬余人次，辦理法律援助案件7626件，為受援人挽回經濟損失9847萬元。出臺《西藏自治區法治宣傳教育條例》，深入開展以憲法為核心的中國特色社會主義法律體系宣傳教育，切實加強鄉村法治文化陣地、校園法治文化陣地及宗教活動場所法治文化陣地建設，分區分類營造濃厚的法治氛圍。大力實施鄉村“法律明白人”培養工程，建立村居法律服務微信群，實現村居法律顧問全覆蓋。堅持送法下鄉，深入開展以案釋法和全國民主法治示范村（社區）創建等工作，引導帶動更多群眾尊法學法守法用法。 | New breakthroughs have been made in the building of a law-based society. The General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Measures on Accelerating the Building of a Public Legal Service System, further boosting the public legal service system. All judicial administrative offices at the county level and above have launched public legal service entity platforms, gradually extending to the primary-level communities. In 2021 alone, legal aid institutions in the region provided consultation services to people on more than 27,300 occasions and accepted 7,626 legal aid cases, which helped legal aid recipients recover financial losses of RMB98.47 million. The Regulations of the Xizang Autonomous Region on the Awareness-raising and Education on the Rule of Law have been promulgated, and an extensive education campaign has been carried out to raise awareness of the Chinese socialist legal system with the Constitution at the core. Effective public education on the rule of law has been conducted in rural areas, at schools, and in religious facilities to create a culture of respect for the rule of law across Xizang. The region has carried out a vigorous project to encourage villagers to learn about the law, set up WeChat groups for legal services in rural areas, and provided legal advisers to all villages. A campaign to bring legal knowledge and services to the countryside has been executed, in which real-life cases have been used to explain and interpret laws. National pilot villages and communities for democracy and the rule of law have been established. Interpreting laws with vivid cases motivates more people to learn the law, respect it, abide by it, and apply it. | |
結束語 | Conclusion | |
偉岸的喜馬拉雅山，見證西藏和平解放以來的滄桑巨變；奔騰的雅魯藏布江，奏響新時代西藏發展進步的恢弘樂章。黨的十八大以來，西藏步入發展最好、變化最大、群眾得實惠最多的歷史時期。西藏經濟社會的發展進步是中國建設發展輝煌成就的一個典型縮影，是中國式現代化在世界屋脊創造的人類發展奇跡。 | Since the 18th CPC National Congress, Xizang has experienced a period of unprecedented development and huge change, bringing more tangible benefits to the people. The social and economic progress of Xizang epitomizes the nation's outstanding achievements in development, created on the roof of the world through the Chinese path to modernization. | |
實踐充分證明，只有全面深入貫徹落實新時代黨的治藏方略，堅持所有發展都要賦予民族團結進步的意義，都要賦予維護統一、反對分裂的意義，都要賦予改善民生、凝聚人心的意義，都要有利于提升各族群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感，抓好穩定、發展、生態、強邊四件大事，才能確保西藏長治久安和高質量發展。 | The region's achievements have proved that to ensure long-term stability and high-quality development in the region, the Party's guidelines on the governance of Xizang in the new era must be fully and thoroughly implemented. The region's development must serve to benefit ethnic unity and progress, to safeguard national unity and oppose separatism, and to improve people's lives and build social consensus, so that people of all ethnic groups in Xizang will have a greater sense of gain, fulfillment and security. To ensure long-term stability, prosperity and high-quality development in Xizang, the four main tasks of ensuring stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, and strengthening the borders must be successfully and effectively fulfilled. | |
黨的二十大報告提出，中國共產黨的中心任務就是團結帶領全國各族人民全面建成社會主義現代化強國、實現第二個百年奮斗目標，以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興。這為新時代西藏工作樹立了新航標，將鼓舞激勵西藏各族人民以鑄牢中華民族共同體意識為主線，堅定不移走中國特色解決民族問題的正確道路，貫徹落實新時代黨的治藏方略，完整準確全面貫徹新發展理念，全面推進民族團結進步事業，繼續譜寫西藏長治久安和高質量發展的絢爛華章。 | The Report to the 20th CPC National Congress stated that the central task of the CPC is to lead the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in a concerted effort to realize the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a modern socialist country in all respects, and to advance the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through a Chinese path to modernization. This has set a new goal for Xizang, and will encourage the people of all the ethnic groups in the region to follow a Chinese approach to ethnic issues, and fully implement the Party's policies on the governance of Xizang in the new era, underpinned by a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one single community. Applying the new development philosophy in full, to the letter and in all fields, they will promote ethnic unity and progress on all fronts, and open a new and splendid era of long-term peace and stability and high-quality development in the region. | |
（來源：新華社） | (Source: Xinhua News Agency) |
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